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1、1 电信学院毕业设计任务书题目基于 PLC 的污水池液位控制系统设计学生姓名班级学号题目类型工程设计指导教师魏祥林系主任一、毕业设计（论文）的技术背景和设计依据：与传统的人工调节液位控制系统相比，变频液位自动控制系统具有节能效果显著、人工劳动强度低，系统工作可靠、自动化程度高等优点。为了实现污水池液位的恒定控制，本设计要求S7-200 PLC 作为控制器，完成对现场数据的采集、变频器的控制、PID 控制算法的实现。二、毕业设计（论文）的任务1、熟悉题目要求，查阅相关科技文献，写出开题报告；2、方案设计（包括方案论证与确定、技术经济分析等内容）；3、硬件系统设计；4、软件系统设计；6、撰写设计说
2、明书，绘制图纸；6、翻译一篇与自己所学专业或设计有关的英文资料；三、毕业设计（论文）的主要内容、功能及技术指标：1、系统要求用户能够直观地了解现场设备地工作状况及水位的变化；2、要求用户能够远程控制变频器的启动和停止；3、用户可以自行设置水位的高、低，以及控制变频器的启、停；4、变频器及其他设备的故障信息能够及时反映在远程单片机上；5、具有水位过高、过低报警和提示用户功能。6、专业英文文献翻译；PLCs -Past, Present and Future Everyone knows theres only one constant in the technology world, and t
3、hats change. This is especially evident in the evolution of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) and their varied applications. From their introduction more than 30 years ago, PLCs have become the cornerstone of hundreds of thousands of control systems in a wide range of industries. At heart, the PL
4、C is an industrialized computer programmed with highly specialized languages, and it continues to benefit from technological advances in the computer and information technology worlds. The most prominent of which is miniaturization and communications. The Shrinking PLC When the PLC was first introdu
5、ced, its size was a major improvement - relative to the hundreds of hard-wired relays and timers it replaced. A typical unit housing a CPU and I/O was roughly the size of a 19 television set. Through the 1980s and early 1990s, modular PLCs continued to shrink in footprint while increasing in capabil
6、ities and performance (see Diagram 1 for typical modular PLC configuration). 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 43 页2 In recent years, smaller PLCs have been introduced in the nano and micro classes that offer features previously found only in larger PLCs. This has made specifying
7、a larger PLC just for additional features or performance, and not increased I/O count, unnecessary, as even those in the nano class are capable of Ethernet communication, motion control, on-board PID with autotune, remote connectivity and more. PLCs are also now well-equipped to replace stand-alone
8、process controllers in many applications, due to their ability to perform functions of motion control, data acquisition, RTU (remote telemetry unit) and even some integrated HMI (human machine interface) functions. Previously, these functions often required their own purpose-built controllers and so
9、ftware, plus a separate PLC for the discrete control and interlocking. The Great Communicator Possibly the most significant change in recent years lies in the communications arena. In the 1970s Modicon introduction of Modbus communications protocol allowed PLCs to communicate over standard cabling.
10、This translates to an ability to place PLCs in closer proximity to real world devices and communicate back to other system controls in a main panel. In the past 30 years we have seen literally hundreds of proprietary and standard protocols developed, each with their own unique advantages.Todays PLCs
11、 have to be data compilers and information gateways. They have to interface with bar code scanners and printers, as well as temperature and analog sensors. They need multiple protocol support to be able to connect with other devices in the process. And furthermore, they need all these capabilities w
12、hile remaining cost-effective and simple to program. Another primary development that has literally revolutionized the way PLCs are programmed, communicate with each other and interface with PCs for HMI, SCADA or DCS applications, came from the computing world. Use of Ethernet communications on the
13、plant floor has doubled in the past five years. While serial communications remain popular and reliable, Ethernet is fast becoming the communications media of choice with advantages that simply cant be ignored, such as: * Network speed. * Ease of use when it comes to the setup and wiring. * Availabi
14、lity of off-the-shelf networking components. * Built-in communications setups. Integrated Motion Control Another responsibility the PLC has been tasked with is motion control. From simple open-loop to multi-axis applications, the trend has been to integrate this feature into PLC hardware and softwar
15、e. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 43 页3 There are many applications that require accurate control at a fast pace, but not exact precision at blazing speeds. These are applications where the stand-alone PLC works well. Many nano and micro PLCs are available with high-speed count
16、ing capabilities and high-frequency pulse outputs built into the controller, making them a viable solution for open-loop control. The one caveat is that the controller does not know the position of the output device during the control sequence. On the other hand, its main advantage is cost. Even sim
17、ple motion control had previously required an expensive option module, and at times was restricted to more sophisticated control platforms in order to meet system requirements. More sophisticated motion applications require higher-precision positioning hardware and software, and many PLCs offer high
18、-speed option modules that interface with servo drives. Most drives today can accept traditional commands from host (PLC or PC) controls, or provide their own internal motion control. The trend here is to integrate the motion control configuration into the logic controller programming software packa
19、ge. Programming Languages A facet of the PLC that reflects both the past and the future is programming language. The IEC 61131-3 standard deals with programming languages and defines two graphical and two textual PLC programming language standards: * Ladder logic (graphical). * Function block diagra
20、m (graphical). * Structured text (textual).Instruction list (textual). This standard also defines graphical and textual sequential function chart elements to organize programs for sequential and parallel control processing. Based on the standard, many manufacturers offer at least two of these langua
21、ges as options for programming their PLCs. Ironically, approximately 96 percent of PLC users recently still use ladder diagrams to construct their PLC code. It seems that ladder logic continues to be a top choice given its performed so well for so long. Hardware Platforms The modern PLC has incorpor
22、ated many types of Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) technology in its CPU. This latest technology gives the PLC a faster, more powerful processor with more memory at less cost. These advances have also allowed the PLC to expand its portfolio and take on new tasks like communications, data manipulatio
23、n and high-speed motion without giving up the rugged and reliable performance expected from industrial control equipment. New technology has also created a category of controllers called Programmable Automation Controllers, or PACs. PACs differ from traditional PLCs in that they typically utilize op
24、en, modular architectures for both hardware and software, using 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 43 页4 de facto standards for network interfaces, languages and protocols. They could be viewed as a PC in an industrial PLC-like package. The Future A 2005 PLC Product Focus Study fro
25、m Reed Research Group pointed out factors increasingly important to users, machine builders and those making the purchasing decisions. The top picks for features of importance were. * The ability to network, and do so easily. Ethernet communications is leading the charge in this realm. Not only are
26、new protocols surfacing, but many of the industry de facto standard serial protocols that have been used for many years are being ported to Ethernet platforms. These include Modbus (ModbusTCP), DeviceNet (Ethernet/IP) and Profibus (Profinet). Ethernet communication modules for PLCs are readily avail
27、able with high-speed performance and flexible protocols. Also, many PLC CPUs are now available with Ethernet ports on board, saving I/O slot space. PLCs will continue to develop more sophisticated connectivity to report information to other PLCs, system control systems, data acquisition (SCADA) syst
28、ems and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Additionally, wireless communications will continue to gain popularity. * The ability to network PLC I/O connections with a PC. The same trends that have benefited PLC networking have migrated to the I/O level. Many PLC manufacturers are supporting
29、 the most accepted fieldbus networks, allowing PLC I/O to be distributed over large physical distances, or located where it was previously considered nearly impossible. This has opened the door for personal computers to interface with standard PLC I/O subsystems by using interface cards, typically s
30、upplied by the PLC manufacturer or a third party developer. Now these challenging locations can be monitored with today a PC. Where industrial-grade control engines are not required, the user can take advantage of more advanced software packages and hardware flexibility at a lower cost. * The abilit
31、y to use universal programming software for multiple targets/platforms. In the past it was expected that an intelligent controller would be complex to program. That is no longer the case. Users are no longer just trained programmers, such as design engineers or systems integrators, but end-users who
32、 expect easier-to-use software in more familiar formats. The Windows-based look and feel that users are familiar with on their personal computers have become the most accepted graphical user interface. What began as simple relay logic emulation for programming PLCs has evolved into languages that us
33、e higher level function blocks that are much more intuitive to configure. PLC manufacturers are also beginning to integrate the programming of diverse functions that allow you to learn only one package in configuring logic, HMI, motion control and other specialized capabilities. Possibly the ultimat
34、e wish of the end-user would be for a software package that could seamlessly program many manufacturers PLCs and sub-systems. After all, Microsoft Windows operating system and applications work similarly whether installed on a Dell, HP or IBM computer, which makes it easier for the user. 精选学习资料 - -
35、- - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 43 页5 Overall, PLC users are satisfied with the products currently available, while keeping their eye on new trends and implementing them where the benefits are obvious. Typically, new installations take advantage of advancing technologies, helping them beco
36、me more accepted in the industrial world. PLC的过去、现在与未来众所周知，科技世界里只有一个永恒真理，那就是变化。这在可编程逻辑控制器（PLC ）及其各种应用的发展过程中尤为明显。自从三十多年前将PLC引进以来， PLC已经在广泛的工业领域中成为几十万控制系统的基础。从本质上讲， PLC 是一种用高度专业化语言编程的工业计算机，并继续受益于计算机和信息技术领域的技术进步。它的最突出之处是小型化和通信功能。微型化的 PLC 在最初引进 PLC的时候，主要改进它的体积， 这与替换了数百个硬接线继电器和计时器有关。一个嵌有 CPU 和 I/O 的典型单元有
37、大约19 寸电视机那么大。从20 世纪 80 年代到 20 世纪 90 年代初，模块化的PLC逐渐微型化，同时它的容量和性能也得到了提高。近年来，更小型PLC已经发展到纳米级和微型级，它们已具有以前只在大型PLC上才有的特点。因此仅为了额外特性或性能而不是增加I/O 容量而具体指定一个大型的PLC变得不必要，因为即使纳米级PLC也具备以太网通信、运动控制、自动调谐的嵌入式PID、远程连通性等更多的功能。现在，由于 PLC能执行运动控制、数据采集，远程终端单元（RTU ）甚至一些集成人机介面（HMI ）等功能，因此PLC在很多应用中也已配置齐全从而替代单一的过程控制器。以前，这些功能通常要求他们
38、自身内置实现这些功能的控制器和软件，此外，还需要一个用于离散控制和互锁的独立的PLC 。强大的通信功能近年来， 最有意义的变化也许发生在通信领域。 在 20世纪 90年代， Modicon 推行的 Modbus通信协议，允许PLC通过标准电缆进行通信。这为PLC更好地适用于现存的设备提供了可能性，并且向主板上的其它控制系统通信成为可能。在过去的 30年里，我们真实地目睹了数百个专利化协议和标准化协议的发展，每一个协议都有自己独特的优势。现在，PLC 已成为数据编译器和信息网关，它们必须接入条形码扫描器和打印机，还有温度和模拟传感器。在过程控制中，它们需要支持多种协议，以便它们能和其它设备通信。
39、此外，在它们全部具备这些功能的同时，它们仍然要有高的性价比而且编程简单。另一个主要改进来自于计算处理领域。确切地说，它革命化了PLC的编程方式、互相通信、与用于 HMI 、SCADA 和 DCS 的 PC有接口。在过去的五年中，车间级以太网通信的应用已经翻了一倍。尽管串行通信仍然很受欢迎并且很可靠，但以太网快速地成为值得选择的通信媒体，它有着不能被忽视的优势，例如：网速、设置简单、布线方便、现成网络组件的可用性、嵌入式通信设置集成运动控制另一个分配给PLC的任务是运动控制。从简单的开环控制到多轴应用来看，在PLC的软件和硬件中集成运动控制已经成为一个趋势。很多系统在快速运行时要求精确的控制，但
40、并不是在超高速运行时的绝对精准。单机 PLC在一些系统上也能很好地运行。许多纳米级和微型级PLC都有高速运算能力和控制器内置的高频脉冲输出能力，使它们成为开环控制的可行解决方案。一方面要提醒的是控制器在控制顺序上不能确定输出设备的位置。另一方面要提醒的是它的主要优势在于它的成本。以前，即使简单的运动控制也要求有一个昂贵的选择模块。有精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 43 页6 时为了满足系统需求，它不能用于更精密的控制平台中。越精密的运动控制系统要求越高精度的定位硬件和软件，而许多PLC都提供高速选择模块接入伺服驱动。现在
41、，许多驱动都兼容来自控制主机（PLC或 PC ）的传统命令，或者提供自身的内部运动控制。将运动控制组态软件集成在PLC编程软件包中将成为一种趋势。编程语言编程语言是反映PLC历史的一个方面。国际电工委员会61131-3 标准（ IEC 61131-3）处理了编程语言并且定义了两个图形化的和两个文本化的PLC编程语言标准：梯形逻辑（图形化） 功能块图（图形化）结构化文本（文本化）指令表（文本化）这项标准也定义了为顺序控制和并行控制处理组织程序的图形化的和文本化的顺控功能图元素。基于这项标准，许多 PLC生产商提供最少三种语言中的两种作为他们PLC编程时的语言选择。讽刺的是，在近来接触的 PLC使
42、用者中，有大约96% 仍然使用梯形图编写PLC代码。由于梯形图长期的良好表现，因此梯形图编程似乎会继续成为最好的选择。硬件平台现代的 PLC已经在它们的 CPU 里集成了多种的商业非定制（COTS ）技术。最新的技术为PLC提供了一个更快，更强，存储量更大且成本更低的处理器。这些先进技术也为PLC扩展集成和接受新任务（如通信、数据处理和高速运动）留出空间，而不会以牺牲工业控制设备所要求的严格可靠性为代价。新技术已经创造了另一种控制器可编程自动化控制器（PAC ） 。PAC与传统的 PLC 有所不同，这是因为PAC在软件和硬件上都采用了开放的模块化体系结构，并且采用了网络接口、语言和协议的已知标
43、准。 它们可以被看作为一个置于工业的类PLC程序包里的 PC 。展望未来来自 Reed研究团的一份 2005 年 PLC产品聚焦研究指出了一些对于PLC使用者、机器制造商和采购决策人员愈加重要的因素。排在最前的、有重要特征的因素是：1联网能力和易用性以太网通信在通信领域中独占熬头。不只是新协议在逐渐平面化，许多已经使用了许多年的工业标准化协议也在逐渐地接入到以太网平台上，这些协议包括Modbus (ModbusTCP) 、DeviceNet (Ethernet/IP)和 Profibus (Profinet)。PLC的以太网通信模块已经具有高速性能和灵活性的协议群。同样，许多PLC上的 CPU
44、 在工作时已经可以接入以太网，这就节省了I/O 槽空间。PLC将会继续开发更成熟的连通性，使它可以将信息传输到其它PLC系统、系统控制系统、数据采集（ SCADA ）系统和企业资源计划（ERP ）系统上。另外，无线通信方式将会进一步普及。2用 PC连接 PLC输入/ 输出（ I/O ）的能力同样的一个趋势， 过去与 PLC联网获益良多， 但现在已经转移到了I/O 水平上。许多 PLC生产商已经支持最受大众接受的现场总线网络，使PLC的 I/O 可以分配在广阔的区域上或者定位在以前被认为是几乎不可能的位置上。这使个人电脑通过使用接口卡接入到标准PLC的I/O 子系统成为可能，而这种接口卡主要是由
45、PLC生产商或第三方开发商提供的。现在，这些具挑战性的广阔区域都可以由个人电脑监控。至于在不需要技术等级控制引擎支持的地方，使用者可以利用更为先进的软件包和硬件机动性，这成本也比较低廉。3使用通用编程软件编制多对象/ 平台的能力过去，人们都认为一个智能型控制器需要复杂的编程，但现在不再是这样了。使用者不再只是受过培训的编程人员 （如设计工程师和系统集成人员） ，而是在更熟悉的设计上期待能用上人性化软件的最终用户。 在他们个人电脑上， 基于视窗 (Windows)的外观和触感是最为人所熟悉的，它已成为最受大众接纳的图形用户界面。开始时，用于为PLC编程的简单继电逻辑仿真已经发展成为使用更高级功能
46、块的编程语言（这些功能块可以更直观在配置出来） 。 PLC生产商也已经开始一体化不同功能块的编程，使你在构造逻辑、HMI 、动态控制和其它特定功精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 43 页7 能时只需学习一个编程软件包。 也许，最终用户的最终愿望是获得一个可以无缝地为多个PLC和子系统编程的软件包。毕竟，无论是安装在Dell 、HP电脑上还是安装在IBM电脑上，微软的视窗（ Windows ）操作系统和应用程序都是同样地运行，这就方便了系统用户。总的来说， PLC用户对现行可用的PLC产品感到满意。同时，他们密切关注新的趋势
47、，并在他们认为有利可图的地方用上新的PLC产品。新 PLC利用先进的技术，使它们在工业界更容易地被采精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 43 页无锡职业技术学院毕业设计说明书（调研报告）7 关于基于 PLC的液位控制系统的调研报告在我国随着社会的发展，很早就实行了自动控制。而在我国液位控制系统也利用得相当的广泛，特别在锅炉液位控制，水箱液位控制。还在黄河治水中也的到了利用，通过液位控制系统检测黄河的水位的高低，以免由于黄河水位的过高而在不了解的情况下，给我们人民带来生命危险和财产损失。为了解决人工控制的控制准度低、控制速度慢
48、、灵敏度低等一系列问题。从而我们现在就引入了工业生产的自动化控制。在自动化控制的工业生产过程中，一个很重要的控制参数就是液位。一个系统的液位是否稳定，直接影响到了工业生产的安全与否、生产效率的高低、能源是否能够得到合理的利用等一系列重要的问题。在本世纪 40年代前后， 工业生产大多处于手工操作的状态，人们主要是凭经验用人工去控制生产过程。生产过程中的各个参数靠人工观察，生产过程的操作也靠人工去执行。因此，当时的劳动效率是很低的。40 年代以后，生产自动化发展很快。尤其是近年来，过程控制技术发展更为迅速。纵观过程控制的发展历史，大致经历了下述几个阶段：50 年代前后，过程控制开始得到发展。一些工
49、厂企业实现了仪表化和局部自动化。这是过程控制发展的第一阶段。这阶段主要的特点：检测和控制仪表普遍采用基地式仪表和部分组合仪表；过程控制结构大多数是单输入单输出系统；被控制参数主要是温度、压力、流量、液位四种参数；控制目的是保持这些参数的稳定，消除或减少对生产过程的主要扰动。在 60 年代，随着工业生产的不断发展，对过程控制提出了新的要求；随着电子技术的迅速发展也为自动化技术工具的完善提供了条件，开始了过程控制的第二阶段。在仪表方面，开始大量采用单元组合仪表。为了满足定型、灵活、多功能的要求，有出现了组合仪表，它将各个单元划分为更小的功能块，以适应比较复杂的模拟和逻辑规律相结合的控制系统的需要。
50、70 年代以来，随着现代工业生产的迅猛发展，仪表与硬件的开发，微型机算计的开发应用，使生产过程自动化的发展达到了一个新的水平。对全工厂或整个工艺流程的集中控制、应用计算机系统进行多参数综合控制，或者用多台计算机对生产过程进行控制和经营管理，是这一阶段的主要特征。过程控制发展到现代过程控制的新阶段，这是过程控制发展的第三阶段。在新型的自动化技术工具方面，开始采用微处理器为核心的智能单元组合仪表；在测量变送器方面，教为突出的成分在线检测与数据处理的应用日益广泛；在模拟式调节仪表方面，不仅型仪表产品品种增加，可靠性提高，而且是本质安全防爆，适应了各种复杂控制系统的要求。精选学习资料 - - - -