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1、进入夏天，少不了一个热字当头，电扇空调陆续登场，每逢此时，总会进入夏天，少不了一个热字当头，电扇空调陆续登场，每逢此时，总会想起那一把蒲扇。蒲扇，是记忆中的农村，夏季经常用的一件物品。记想起那一把蒲扇。蒲扇，是记忆中的农村，夏季经常用的一件物品。记忆中的故乡，每逢进入夏天，集市上最常见的便是蒲扇、凉席，不论男女老忆中的故乡，每逢进入夏天，集市上最常见的便是蒲扇、凉席，不论男女老少，个个手持一把，忽闪忽闪个不停，嘴里叨叨着少，个个手持一把，忽闪忽闪个不停，嘴里叨叨着“怎么这么热怎么这么热”，于是三，于是三五成群，聚在大树下，或站着，或随即坐在石头上，手持那把扇子，边唠嗑五成群，聚在大树下，或站着
2、，或随即坐在石头上，手持那把扇子，边唠嗑边乘凉。孩子们却在周围跑跑跳跳，热得满头大汗，不时听到边乘凉。孩子们却在周围跑跑跳跳，热得满头大汗，不时听到“强子，别跑强子，别跑了，快来我给你扇扇了，快来我给你扇扇”。孩子们才不听这一套，跑个没完，直到累气喘吁吁，。孩子们才不听这一套，跑个没完，直到累气喘吁吁，这才一跑一踮地围过了，这时母亲总是，好似生气的样子，边扇边训，这才一跑一踮地围过了，这时母亲总是，好似生气的样子，边扇边训，“你你看热的，跑什么？看热的，跑什么？”此时这把蒲扇，是那么凉快，那么的温馨幸福，有母亲此时这把蒲扇，是那么凉快，那么的温馨幸福，有母亲的味道！蒲扇是中国传统工艺品，在我国
3、已有三千年多年的历史。取材的味道！蒲扇是中国传统工艺品，在我国已有三千年多年的历史。取材于棕榈树，制作简单，方便携带，且蒲扇的表面光滑，因而，古人常会在上于棕榈树，制作简单，方便携带，且蒲扇的表面光滑，因而，古人常会在上面作画。古有棕扇、葵扇、蒲扇、蕉扇诸名，实即今日的蒲扇，江浙称之为面作画。古有棕扇、葵扇、蒲扇、蕉扇诸名，实即今日的蒲扇，江浙称之为芭蕉扇。六七十年代，人们最常用的就是这种，似圆非圆，轻巧又便宜的蒲芭蕉扇。六七十年代，人们最常用的就是这种，似圆非圆，轻巧又便宜的蒲扇。蒲扇流传至今，我的记忆中，它跨越了半个世纪，也走过了我们的扇。蒲扇流传至今，我的记忆中，它跨越了半个世纪，也走过
4、了我们的半个人生的轨迹，携带着特有的念想，一年年，一天天，流向长长的时间隧半个人生的轨迹，携带着特有的念想，一年年，一天天，流向长长的时间隧道，袅道，袅第二讲 同步辐射医学成像进展This image wasmade by Francis Williams of Boston, one of the first radiologists,in March 1896.19001896Angiographic work began in January, 1896, with this post-mortem injection of mercury compounds. First use a
5、contrast medium1901 Roentgen wins the first Nobel Laureate in Physics prize.1904 Edisons assistant in X-ray research, dies of extreme and repeated X-ray exposure. 1919 Dr. Carlos Heuser, an Argentine radiologist, is the first to use a contrast medium in a living human circulatory system. First pract
6、ices of modern angiography19201929 Chest X rays are used to screen for tuberculosis Roentgen dies February 10, 1923. Drs. Graham and Cole discover in 1923 how to visualize the gall bladder with X rays by using contrast media. The first practices of modern angiography are developed in 1927 by a Portu
7、guese physician, who is the first to create images of the circulatory system in the living brain.The first image of a human coronary artery recorded in vivo with SR. This coronary angiogram was done at the SSRL in May 1986.An image of a human coronary artery recorded in vivoat the NSLS, in Nov. 1992
8、. Improvements in the imagingsystem have increased the quality of the angiogram.First “tomograph”19301939 In 1936, the first “tomograph”, an X-ray “slice” of the body, is presented at a radiology meeting. and foreshadows the development in the 1970s of CT.19501959 Dr. W. Goodwin introduces the conce
9、pt of X-ray guided nephrostomy.肾造口术Finding breast cancers with high accuracy19601969 In 1960, Dr. Robert Egan publishes the results of an intensive, three-year study of mammography, with an accuracy in finding breast cancers is remarkable (9799%). Drs. Dotter and Judkins are the first to report perf
10、orming an angioplasty. 血管重建术CT, Angioplasty19701979 CT, or computed tomography, which takes X-ray “slices” of the body and images them on a computer screen, is introduced. With the addition of computer technology, to create 3-dimensional images. Swiss physician Dr. Andreas Gruntvig invents balloon a
11、ngioplasty. 1980Today Phase contrast imaging for soft tissues with SR. Teleradiology, the ability to send images through the “information superhighway,” is introduced. Phase contrast imaging， Teleradiology1900192019401980Roentgen photographAngiographic work TomographCT1960Use contrast medium in a li
12、ving human18961919193619861895Chest X raysto screen for TB1920s20001927First practices of modern angiography1960Mammography1970sPhase contrastimagingwith SR 2000First human coronary angiogramwith SRHow is the story of a century of medical radiology To improve on the faint images, borrowing from adva
13、nces in physics, chemistry, pharmacology, nuclear science, computers, telemetry and information science, is the story of a century of medical radiology. A century later, the vastly more sophisticated arts of medical imaging are still based upon the recognition that body parts absorb X rays according
14、 to their density.吸收衬度成像吸收衬度成像是利用X-射线在穿透样品时，样品对X-射线的吸收系数不同从而引起吸收强度的不同来记录图像的。吸收衬度成像冠状动脉血管造影How is the story of medical radiology in the future SR-based imaging might change medical practice. To observe inside of various organs is the story of medical radiology. The future more sophisticated arts of m
15、edical imaging are based upon the recognition that body parts absorb X rays according to their density, as well as the change of phase.位相衬度成像 位相衬度成像位相衬度成像是利用空间相干的X-射线透过样品后携带的位相信息来成像。 位相衬度成像位相衬度成像是近几年发展起来的一种的成像方法，与吸收衬度成像相比，这种技术的敏感度要高1000倍。这样，就可以对神经组织、肺腺泡结构等成像，以及在不用造影剂的情况下来显示软组织的内部结构。absorptionscatter
16、ingrefractionSampleX-rays Absorption Refraction Extinction (small angle scattering free)N(,k)=nR(,k)+inI(,k)Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (DEI) 在分析晶体接受角范围内，X-射线的衍射强度依赖于入射角，这种关系称为摇摆曲线摇摆曲线。-20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0 Relative IntensityAnalyzer Angle(second)N(,k)=nR(,k)+inI(,k) At top “pure” a
17、bsorption (absorption and small angle scattering rejected) Ileft+Iright aparent absorption (absorption including small angle scattering) Ileft- Iright refraction imaging-20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0 Relative IntensityAnalyzer Angle(second)Three kinds of images are usually recorded. -20-15-10
18、-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0 Relative IntensityAnalyzer Angle(second)Diffraction image -20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0 Relative IntensityAnalyzer Angle(second)+Apparent absorption image -20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0 Relative IntensityAnalyzer Angle(second)-Refraction image 衍射增强成像结果（脚趾）传统的同步辐射图像同步辐射衍射增强图像IL-XPCT in-line X-ray phase contrast computerized tomography中极穴中极穴旁开足三里穴足三里穴旁开考试题 选择以下一篇文章为主题，作口头报告，重点说明同步辐射在科学研究中的作用。揭示生命能量之源-ATP合酶三维结构的同步辐射研究，田亮、张新夷，核技术, 2626(1)2(2003). 1. 细胞膜通道与同步辐射，闫晓辉、田亮、张新夷，核技术,2727(1)1(2004). 祝好运再见43 结束语结束语