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1、YOUR LOGO原 创 文 档 请 勿 盗 版初中英语知识归纳总结(第一课时名词一、概述1、名词的属性:表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物,或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。 如: teacher, desks, plates, milk, box 等,专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。词的第一个字母要大写)(运用)如: China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。(专有名二、可数名词与不可数名词1、可数名词是指表示人或
2、事物,books可以用数来计量的名词,有单复数之分。 如:glass-glasses;book-2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。如: paper, rice, water , milk, tea 等。3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。Light travels faster than sound;(light :光线,不可数)(light :灯,可数 )The lights are on.4、不可数名词的量的表示不可数名词一般无法用数来计算,前面不能用a 或 an 或数词来表示数量,它的量往往借助于容器来表示。如: a glass of milka piece of
3、paper a bag of rice-four glasses of milk-two pieces of paper-three bags of rice三、可数名词的复数形式(识记、运用)1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分,单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 规则变化情况变化形式加 -s加 -es例词girls; books;classes; boxes; watches;brushes city-cities;baby-babies一般情况以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词变变y 为加 esv, 加 esi,以以f 或 fe 结尾的名词O 结尾的名词f,fe
4、 为knife-knives;leaf-leavespotatoes; tomatoes; photos; kilos; bamboos; radios2、 少数名词有不规则的变化形式policeman-policemen;man-men;woman-women;tooth-teeth;foot-feet;sheep-sheep;deer-deer;fish - fishJapanese- Japanese;四、名词所有格(运用)Chinese - Chinese;名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式,它也有构成上的变化。1、单数名词变所有格,只需在词尾加s;即可;2、复数名词的词尾已有3、复数名
5、词的词尾若没有s,只需加s ,则应加 s ;4、如果表示某人或物为两人所共有,则在第二个人后面加如: Da Mao and Xiao Mao s room s ;如果不是两人共有,则在每个人后面都加如: Li Lei s and Tom s mother s;5、名词所有格结构通常用于表示有生命的名词,或表示时间、距离、地点等,而表示无生命名词的所有关系则用“of”表示。如 : the windows of housethe picture of the familyof结构也能用于有生命名词的所有格。精品资料精品学习资料第 1 页,共 40 页abosok of his第二课时a frien
6、d of my sister冠词(一)一、概述冠词是一种虚词,在句子中不重读,本身不能独立使用。在汉语中没有这个词类。在学习冠词时, 要注意这种加在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的词表示数量“一”时,与数词的区别;其表示“数量”的意义没有“one”强,这是学习中注意区别的。二、冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前,说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词,它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词 有两种:一种是定冠词 (the Definite Article) ; the一种是不定冠词三、不定冠词的用法a 用于辅音音素起首的单词前,(the Indefinite Article). aanan 用于元音音素起首的
7、单词前。1、当第一次提到某人或某物时,用a 或 an 起介绍作用,如:What is this?Who is she?It is a bus.She is a doctor.2、表示泛指一类人或物A snake is a cold-blood animal. A plane is a machine that can fly.3、表示某一类人或事物的任何一个。如:She is a teacher;There is an elephant in the zoo.That is an apple.4、可用于某些词组,是该词组不可缺少的组成部分。如:a long timeat a timea lit
8、tlehave a trya fewtake a chance5、表示“每一个”的意思。如:three times a dayfour yuan a dozen6、可用于抽象名词之前,使抽象名词具体化。如:I am quite at a loss;The little child is a joy to his parents. 7、用于物质名词之前,使物质名词普通化。如: He drew out a tin of pineapple.They made a fire to get warm.注意:1、不定冠词an 用在以元音(不是字母,而是发音)起首的名词或其他以元音起首的词之前,不定冠词
9、a 用在以辅音起首的名词或其他以辅音起首的词之前。2、 u 和 h 有时在单词中发元音,有时却读作辅音或不发音。如:I have been waiting for an hour. He is an honest young fellow.A hammer is a useful fool.3、英语中有些字母,如缩略词的第一个字母时,应使用“x。由于它前头第一个音是元音,所以在单独使用或作fhlmnsan”,如:“ no”.i“n thne”wordThere is anAn MP means a member of parliament.第三课时冠词(二)一、定冠词的用法定冠词the 有 t
10、his, that, these, those 等意思,用于单数或复数名词前。主要用来特指,使一个或几个精品资料精品学习资料第 2 页,共 40 页事物区别于所有其他同名的事物。1、指前文已经提到过的人或事物。如:I wrote an article. The article was about physics. 2、指说话人都知道的人或事物。如:Please close the door before you leave.Let s go to the classroom.3、名词有定语修饰时,须用定冠词The book on the desk is his.the,表示特指意义。如:The
11、 teacher who talked with you is her mother.4、用于世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sunthe moonthe earththe skythe world5、用在序数词前面表示顺序。如:I live on the fourth floor.My mother is always the first one to come and the last one to leave. 6、与其他词连用,构成固定词组。如:on the leftin the northin the front of7、在表示乐器名称的名词之前用定冠词。如:the pianot
12、he violin8、用在形容词或副词的最高级前面。如:This was the most interesting voyage we had ever had. He is the tallest of us.9、用在形容词前面,表示复数意义的某一类人或事物。如:the richthe newthe poorthe rightthe youngthe truethe livingthe beautiful10、在表示江河、山脉、海湾、海峡、沙漠等专用名词之前加定冠词。如:the Changjiang Riverthe Alpsthe Nilethe Himalayas11、用在年代、朝代、时
13、代名词前。如:the Qin Dynasty in the 50sthe Ming Dynastythe spring period12、和表示姓氏名词的复数形式连用,表示某姓氏一家人或夫妇二人。如:the Lis二、不用冠词的情况the Martins1、除一些特殊情况外,专用名词以及抽象名词和物质名词前不加冠词。如:Man is mortal.Miss Smith came in power at last.2、当名词前已有必加冠词。如:She is my sister.this, that, my, his, any, every, some, no, those, these 等词修饰
14、时或有所有格修饰时,不This article you had written is very wonderful.3、在交通工具、学科名称等名词前不加冠词。如:by planeby boatChinesePhysics4、在节日、假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前不加冠词。如:National DayAutumnMay DayJanuary5、在一日三餐、体育类等名词前不加冠词。如:He prefers milk and egg for breakfast. d rather play tennis.He preferred to play football and I6、在唯一的职务、头衔的名
15、词前不加冠词。如:He is elected manager of our company.精品资料精品学习资料第 3 页,共 40 页People elected him president of that country last year.7、在报纸标题、图像说明、文章题目、标志、广告前不加冠词。如: Worker s MindNotes on the Study of Hong Lou Meng 8、在一些固定词组中不加冠词。如:at homeat first by seaby mistakeat lastday and nightlearn by heartat once第四课时代词
16、(一)一、概述代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词。 代词的分类:人称代词:表示“我” 、“我们”、“你”“你们”、“他、她、它” 、“他们”的词叫人称代词; 物主代词:表示所有关系的代词,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词; 反身代词:表示动作反射到执行者本身或用来加强语气的代词; 指示代词:表示能替代名词或替代形容词的词; 不定代词:表示不指明替代任何特定名词的代词。疑问代词:表示替代人或物且含有疑问语气的代词。二、人称代词人第一人称第二人称第三人称称数单数复数单数复数单数复数格主格Iweyouyouhe, she, itthey宾格meusyouyouhim, her,itthem人称代词
17、在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。1、主格在句中作主语,宾格在句中作宾语。 She gave these books to you and me;You must look after them;2、当并列代词作主语时,I 放在最后。顺序为你,他,我You, he and I are going to spend the winter holidays in Beijing.三、物主代词物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,有人称和数不清变化形式。人第一人称第二人称第三人称单数 his, her, its his, hers,its称单数my mine复数our ours单数your y
18、ours复数your yours复数their theirs数类形容词别性名词性形容词性物主代词只能作定语修饰名词,如:my watch;your books ;their names;名词性物主代词在句中可单独作用,可作主语、宾语和表语,后面不跟名词,英语中说:“我的一位朋友”,要用“。”a friend of mine精品资料精品学习资料第 4 页,共 40 页有些结构中常用the 替代物主代词He had a cold in the head.( the 意思是 his)( the 意思是her)My mother took me by the arm.四、反身代词单数 复数myself
19、ourselvesyourselfyourselveshimself; herself; itselfthemselves反身代词在句中可以加强语气,用作宾语和同位语。He himself has finished it . (作同位语)He has taught himself Russian for 5 years . (作宾语)I did it mysldf.(加强语气)某些固定结构:by oneself;fo oneself;among themselvesThey made the machine all by themselves.He cooked a meal for hims
20、elf.第五课时代词(二)一、指示代词指示代词有:this; that; these; thosethis, these 表示“这”、“这些”,是“近指” 。that, those 表示“那”、“那些”,是“远指” 。注意:在电话用语里面,用this 代替自己, that 代替对方。如:who s that?二、不定代词英语中有以下不定代词:This is Tom speakingall, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little(a little), few(a few), many,much, other, another,
21、 some, any, no 还有由 some, any , no every 构成的代词。1) both, allboth 是指“两者都” ,而 all 则是指“三者或三者以上都”Both of us are right.All of you are good at playing basketball.,如:但 all还可以组成固定短语2) either, neithereither 是指“两者之中任何一个 全部否定Either of the books will do. Neither of the answers is right.而 either 还可出现在否定句子里,可与等all
22、day,all this,all the time“属于部分否定,而neither 则是“两者之中一个也不“属neither 进行句型转换。如: t, eitherTom hasn t been to America, Jim hasn= Neither Tom nor Jim has been to America.而 neither (nor)也可用于表示“也不”,构成“ neither (nor) + 助动词 +主语”的句式。Kate isn t a worker, neither is Meimei.3) little, a little, few, a fewlittle, a li
23、ttle修饰不可数名词;修饰可数名词;few , a fewlittle, few表示否定, “几乎没有”a little, a few 表示肯定,相当于There is a little milk in the glass.There are few students in the classroom, theysome, any. re in th-reoorema.ding精品资料精品学习资料第 5 页,共 40 页4) every, eachevery, each 都是强调每一个,every作定语修饰名词。如:The bus comes every five minutes.Each
24、of them may come at a different time.5) some , any6) 由 some, any, no, every 组成的不定代词something, someone, somebody, somewhere, anything, anyone, anybody, anywhere, nothing, none, nobody, nowhere, everything,everyone, everybody, everywhere.三、疑问代词疑问代词用来构成疑问句,一共有五个:who, whom, whose, what, which.第六课时数词一、基数
25、词基数词表示数量onetwo three four five six seven eight nineteneleventwelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteennineteentwentythirty forty fifty sixty seventy eightyninetytwenty-onethirty-eight fifty-threea hundreda thousand a milliona billion注意:表示具体数目的hundren, thousand, million 等均不用复数, 百位数和十
26、位数之间通常加连词and;十位数与个位数之间要加连字符。二、序数词firstsecond third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninthtentheleventhtwelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenthnineteenthtwentieththirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetiethhundredthtwenty-firstninety-nintya hund
27、red and fifty-third序数词的缩写形式:由阿拉伯数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母。first-1stsecond - 2ndtenth - 10th三、时间和年月日表示法1、时间均用基数词表示:1)顺读法,先说“点钟”,再说“分钟” ,如:2:152)逆读法two fifteen6:20six twenty30 分钟以内:“分钟数 + past +钟点数”,如:3:20 - twenty past three2:10 - ten past twoa quarter :3:30 - half past three半小时用half , 15 分钟用2:15 - a quarter p
28、ast two精品资料精品学习资料第 6 页,共 40 页30 分钟以外要用: “分钟数4:35 - twenty-five to five 2)年月日表示法+ to +下一个钟点” ,如:2:55 - five to three年份读法;月日读法;年月日一起读法。四、分数的表示法 当分数中表示分子的数只含个位数时一般采用“分子(用基数词)大于 1 时,分母序数词用复数)如:+分母(用序数词) ”表示。(分子one-third;two-thirds;three twenty-seconds五、数词与名词的搭配1)数词与名词连用时,它们的次序是“名词+基数词”Room 1506或者用“ the
29、+ 序数词+ 名词”Lesson 15;The Fifteenth Lesson2)数词与小时的搭配 two hours and a half half an hourthe third floorthree hours第七课时形容词一、概述形容词修饰名词,说明人或事物或特征。在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。(充s当si定ste语r.)The beautiful girl is TomThree is nothing serious, is there?(充当定语,修饰不定代词的形容词及短语要放在不定代词之后)The shoes in the shop were not very expen
30、sive.(作表语)The old are looked after well. (有些形容词和定冠词the 连用时, 表示一类人或物,其谓语动词用复数形式)二、形容词比较级及最高级的形式1、绝大部分双音节形容词和单音节形容词的比较等级变化是规则变化。情一般情况以 e 结尾的词况变 化 形在词尾直接加-er ;式-est举例small - smaller - smallestlarge - larger - largest happy- happier- happiest fat fatter fattestthin thinner thinnestbig bigger biggest hot
31、 hotter - hottest在词尾加r ; - st ;以辅音字母 +y 结尾变 y 为 i ,加 - er; -est以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾, 而且是重读闭 音节将该辅音字母双写,再加-er ; -est2、部分双音节和多音节形容词比较级和最高级变化形式在多音节形容词前加beautiful more beautiful most beautifuluseful more useful most useful 3、不规则形容词比较级和最高级形式:more 或 mostgood, well better bestmany, much more mostbad, ill worse
32、 worstlittle less leastfar farther, further farthest, furthest三、形容词的比较等级的用法1、当 A=B时,则用as(副)as(介,连),中间用形容词或副词的原级。表示甲与乙在某方面一样He is as tall as I (me)2、 A B ,则用 not as(so)as表示 甲与乙在某方面不一样。 m taller than heHe is not so tall as I = He is shorter than I =IThe boy isn t as careful as that one= This boy isn t
33、 as careful than that one3、比较级+than 形式精品资料精品学习资料第 7 页,共 40 页This lesson is more difficult than that oneShe is fatter than Kate 4、 the+ 最高级 +(in of) 短语Miss Zhou is one of the most popular in our class He is the oldest of the threeof常与名词复数或表示数量的词连用。表示“在之中”这一。 in 常与表示范围或场所的名词连用“在范围之中”四、形容词比较级特殊用法1) mor
34、e and more 比较级连用表示“越来越In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer. He is getting busier and busier.”2) The morethe more越就越The larger the bus is , the more people it can carry.The farther away an object is from us, the smaller it looks.3)比较级形式表达最高级:比较级 +than any other+ 名词单数; 比较级 +than the other+名词复数
35、He is clever than any other boy- He is the clevest of all the boys- He is clever than the other boys4、修饰比较级的副词有much, even , quite , a little, a lot等表示“得多” “甚至”,表示程度。第八课时副词一、概述副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词,表示动作的特征、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。 二、副词的分类时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、疑问副词及程度副词。 1、时间副词:时间副词表达的内涵包括回答“什么时候”或“经常与否” A: how, then,
36、yesterday, last time, today, just now, later on, so far, ago; B: always, often, usually, sometimes, never, hardly, ever;C: already, yet, late, early, soon, at once, at last, finally, at first, since; 2、地点副词:表示地点或位置关系的副词。A: here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere;B: above, below, down, up, out, in, a
37、cross, back, over, round, away, near;注: B 类中表示位置的副词有时也可作介词。 如: come in, please- They live in the next room.3、方式副词:badly, carefully ,politely, sadly, suddenly, happily. well, fast, high, hard.4、 程度副词: 常见的有 : much, a little, a bit, very, even, so, too, enough, quite, rather, completely, terribly, near
38、ly, hardly, not at all 。这些副词多用来修饰形容词、副词或动词以加强语气。5、 疑问副词:是用来引导一个特殊问句,有时用来引导时间状语从句或宾语从句。 疑问副词有: how, when, where, why, who6、部分副词的用法:1) too, either, also 都是表示“也” 。too 和 either 都用于句末,too 用于肯定句中,BE 动词前,实义动词后。2) so, neither 都可以用在倒装句的开头。either 用于否定句及一般疑问句中,also 放在句子中,so 接在肯定句后表示“也一样”,句式: so+助动词 +主语;neither
39、 接在一个否定句后面表示“也不,没句式: neither+ 助动词 +主语I have read the book, so has he.”精品资料精品学习资料第 8 页,共 40 页Jim didn t win the game, neither did Tom.3) already, yetalready 和 yet 通常用于现在完成时中,He has already finished his homework. Jim hasn t come back yet.7、副词的比较等级already 用于肯定句,yet 用于否定句和疑问句中。副词和形容词一样,也有比较级和最高级,其变化形式与形
40、容词的比较比较级和最高级一样。第九课时介词一、知识概述介词是一种虚词,一般在句子中不重读,也不能单独充当句子成分,但与它的介词宾语一起构成介 词短语,就可以在句子中作状语、定语和表语。介词又称前置词,一般位于名词或代词的前面,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。在学习介词时, 最重要的是掌握介词的用法,动介词组的搭配,时间介词、方位介词、方向介词、位置介词、成语介词以 及动向介词和静向介词的比较和区别。二、介词的定义及句法功能 介词是一种虚词,在句中不单独作任何句子成分,只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。介词后的名词,或相当于名词的其他词组、短语或从句,称为介词宾语。介词和介词
41、宾语 一起构成介词短语。介词短语在句中主要用作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。The boy over there is my brother. (作定语)A friend in need is a friend indeed. (作定语)I shall meet you at the entrance of Qianmen Hotel. (作地点状语) To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls. (作原因状语) I ll bien the office every afternoon. (作表语)He isnat thome(作
42、表语)The farmer made the king out of the water. (作宾语补足语) I found everything in good order (作宾语补足语) 三、介词与其他词类的固定搭配。介词和动词、形容词、名词等常构成固定搭配。也就是说,在这些词的后面,常常要求用一定的介词。1、形容词与介词的固定搭配 有些形容词后面要求用固定的介词,这类介词常见的有:about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with(1)形容词 +aboutcareful abouthopeful aboutsure aboutHe is careless ab
43、out his clothes( 2)形容词good at( 3)形容词famous for+atsurprised atangry at+ forready forsorry forI m terrible sorry for telling him the truth.( 4)形容词different from+ fromsafe fromHe was absent from class this morningMy sister is different from me in many ways.( 5)形容词interested in+ insuccessful inHe is int
44、erested in making model ships.2、名词与介词的固定搭配( 1)名词+ for精品资料精品学习资料第 9 页,共 40 页He made up an excuse for being late.Did you find the cause for your failure?( 2)名词+ inHe has some difficulty in translating the bookShe has made great progress in English.( 3)名词+ ofShe found another way of solving the problemHe forms a bad habit of getting up late( 4)名词+ onThere have been several attacks on foreigners recently.Have pity on me!( 5)名词+ withI wanted to