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1、The Best Time to Write the Paper It is wise to do it while you are still working on the problem. It is advisable to go off writing in all directions at once while the research still in progress. The Definition of the IntroductionA part of a book or treatise preliminary to the main portion. The Purpo
2、se of the IntroductionWritten to introduce the paper On the Part of the Reader Deductive(推论) instead of Inductive (归纳) Better Understand the Purpose“Reading a scientific article isnt the same as reading a detective story. We want to know from the start that the butler did it.” Ratnoff, 1981In Compar
3、ison with the Abstract Desirably redundant with the corresponding parts in the AbstractOmission of the Subtitle Introduction Omit it as required by the target journal. The Coverage of the Introduction The literature review; The definition of the problem; The purpose of the present study; The choice
4、of methods; The statement of principal results & conclusions (disputable).Abbreviations & Acronyms Define within brackets any abbreviation that you intend to use in the rest of the paper. Specify within brackets any acronym that you intend to use in the rest of the paper.Citation Cite the abstract y
5、ou have previously published as well as closely related papers previously published by others (by superscript, or as specified by the target journal ).The Practice of Citation To justify your argument; To direct the reader to the specific sources for newsworthy information; To show your moral integr
6、ity(诚实); To acknowledge others intellectual property rights.The Format of Citation Follow the format by decided by your target journal. Acknowledge the source no mater whether it is a direct quote or it is your paraphrase. The Voice of the Sentence Try to be consistent within a particular paragraph.
7、Follow the Following Guidelines for Writing a Good Introduction -Review the pertinent literature to orient the reader.- Present, with all possible clarity, the nature and scope of the present study. -State the purpose of the present study. - State the method of the investigation. -Use the present te
8、nse while referring to the problem and the established knowledge relating to it. -Use the past tense while discussing the notions and performances in the past.-Write “I/We conducted the study to ” (active voice) rather than “The study was conducted to” (passive voice) -Reorganize your pastes(黏贴) in
9、your own text. -Make sure that you are fully aware of what you are doing with the literature review and citation. -Be logic and confident in presenting the definition of the problem as well as the value of your investigation. LETS READ AN EXAMPLE AND BE CRITICAL. Chronic Daily Headache: Identificati
10、on of Factors Associated with Induction and Transformation Marcelo E.Bigal. MD, Phd; Fred D. Sheftell, MD; Alan M. Rapoport, MD; Stewart J. Tepper, MD; Richard B. Lipton, MD Chronic daily headache (CDH) is one of the more frequently encountered headache syndromes at major tertiary care centers.1-3 I
11、ts prevalence is almost 5% in the general population, and it is the most common headache problem seen in clinics specifically devoted to headache management.4-6 Most patients with CDH report their role functioning and well-being to be frequently and severely impaired, with a consequent reduction in
12、quality of life.7.8 It is clear that comorbid factors play a significant role in the development and maintenance of headache that occurs on a daily or near-daily basis.9.10 Originally coined by Feinstein,11 the term comorbidity is used to refer to the greater than coincidental association of two con
13、ditions in the same individual.12 Psychiatric issues are prominent among patients with more difficult headache syndromes, particularly CDH. Studies have shown that depression occurs in 80% of patients with chronic migraine (CM), the most common type of CDH.13.14 Compared with controls, stressful lif
14、e events such as divorce, widowhood, separation, and problems with children are more likely to occur in individuals with CDH.15 Assessment of psychopathology shows a characteristic profile of hypochondria(疑病症), depression, and hysteria in patients with CHD (with the revised version of the Minnesota
15、Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2).16 Potential somatic(躯体的) comorbidity in CDH has received less study than the psychological aspects. Hypertension,17-20 alcohol overuse,21 and sleep disturbances have been reported to be associated with CDH.22 What factors specifically contribute to the transform
16、ation from episodic into CM and to the de novo (再次) development of new daily persistent headache (NDPH) remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify somatic factors and behaviors associated with the development of CM and NDPH.The Coverage of the Introduction The literature revie
17、w; The definition of the problem; The purpose of the present study; The choice of methods; The statement of principal results & conclusions.One More Example Although physical exercise has become an important part of standard therapy for patients who have had acute myocardial infarction and cardiac s
18、urgery, its role after heart transplantation has not been well defined.1.2 Patients undergoing heart transplantation, like those undergoing coronary-artery bypass surgery, are affected by preoperative inactivity and postoperative deconditioning and can potentially benefit from exercise rehabilitatio
19、n. The denervated donor heart has altered physiologic responses to exercise that can impair exercise tolerance.3.5 The question of whether the transplanted heart can tolerate the physiologic stress of exercise training after transplantation, coupled with the possibility that exercise might precipita
20、te(加速) acute rejection of the transplant, may underlie the historical reluctance to prescribe exercise training after transplantation. However, the denervated heart has been shown to respond appropriately to exercise.5-7 Moreover, several nonrandomized studies have suggested that exercise training i
21、ncreases the capacity for physical work after heart transplantation.8-10 Because a certain amount of improvement in exercise capacity is expected after surgery, it is unclear how much of these reported gains in physical-work capacity reflects the effects of exercise training as compared with the nat
22、ural course of postoperative recovery. Therefore, we undertook a randomized, prospective study to assess the effect of exercise training provided in a cardiac-rehabilitation program on measurements of physical-work capacity and activities of daily living among patients who had undergone heart transp
23、lantation.The Coverage of the Introduction The literature review; The definition of the problem; The purpose of the present study; The choice of methods; The statement of principal results & conclusions.Do you have any idea what the Instruction is all about? HOMEWORK Read your target journal; Find a well-written Introduction; Highlight the functions and notions of the statements in the Introduction you chose; Make a list of stock phrases derived from the Introduction you explored; Make your homework look appealing; Submit your assignment at the same time in three weeks.