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1、专业英语翻译一stressand strain （应力与应变）1the fundamental concepts 基本概念cross section 横截面 the internal stresses produced in the bar 杆的内应力 continuous distribution of hydrostatic pressure 流体静压力 the tensile load 拉伸载荷 a uniform dis tribution over the cross section 在横截面均匀分布arbitrary cross-sectional shape 任意截面形状tens
2、ile stresses 拉应力compressive stresses 压应力 a normal stress 正应力through the centroid of the cross sectional area 通过横截面形心the uniform stress condition 压力均匀分布the stress distribution at the ends of the bar 杆末端应力分布 high localized stresses 高度应力集中an axially loaded bar 轴向载荷杆件a tensile strain 拉应变 an elongation o
3、r stretching of the material 材料拉伸 a compressive strain 压应变 the ratio of two lengths 两个长度的比值purely statical and geometrical considerations 从纯静态以及几何角度考虑1.That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. 研究位移、时间和力运
4、动乘力是科学分析法的一个分支，被称作力学，力学由两大部分组成，静力学和动力学。 2.For example, if the 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 32 页force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing. 例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力
5、过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。3.Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force. 力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素。4.All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted up
6、on by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis. 所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。当变形很小的 时候它们被假设成刚体，也就是不产生变形。5.The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and str
7、ains due to the applied forces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming. 刚体假设不能应用于内应力和内应变的分析，所以在实际力的分析时，要考虑物体的形变。6.If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocit
8、y. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 32 页如果作用在质点上所有的力是平衡的，质点将会保持静止或做做匀速直线运动。2 1) the main manifestations of capacity主要的表现能力2) the maximum unit load （ stress） 最大单位载荷（应力）3）stress-strain diagram 应力应变图4）the simple tensile test 简单的拉伸实验 5）the percentage elongation at rupture 断裂伸长率6）the
9、ends of tensile specimens 拉伸试样的两端 7）permanent deformation 永久变形 8）the resulting load-displacement curve 由 此 产 生 的 载 荷 位 移 曲 线9 ） a substantial yielding of the material 大量产生的物质 10）yield point 屈服点 11) the transition from elastic to plastic behavior 从弹性到塑性的过度 12）material property table 材料属性表13）plastic d
10、eformation 塑性变形14）a specified standard length of the specimen 指定的标准式样长度15） at the moment of rupture 此 刻 的 破 裂16 ） short cylindrical specimens 短圆柱标本17）ductile materials 韧性材料18）high stress concentration 高应力集中19）ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度 20）strain hardening zone 应变硬化区精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归
11、纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 32 页1)A tensile test consists of slowly pulling a sample of material with a tensile load until it breaks. The ends of tensile specimens are usually enlarged to pr ovide extra area for gripping and to avoid having the sample break where it is being gripped. 拉伸实验包括慢慢加载拉伸载荷直到断裂
12、，拉伸试件两端加粗为了提供装夹区域和避免试件断裂。2）The usual manner of conducting the test is to deform the specimen at a constant speed .For example, in the Universal testing machines, the motion between the fixed and moving cross heads can be controlled at a constant speed. 通常进行实验的方法就是使试件以恒定速度发生变形。例如，在万能拉伸实验机上，固定端和移动的十字滑
13、块之间的变形是以恒定速度进行的。3）The load that must be applied to enforce this displacement rate varies as the test proceeds. This load F may be divided by the cross-sectional area A to obtain the stress in the specimen at any time during the test. 随着实验的进行，用来产生位移的载荷是随位移的变化而变化。在实验中，载荷F 除以横截面积A 可以得到任意时刻点的应力。4）Howeve
14、r actual measurement of L is preferable where This is feasible. Stress and strain based on the initial (undeformed) dimensions, Ai and Li, are called engineering Stress and strain. 然而，在可行的位置的 L 的实际测量是更可取的，基于原精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 32 页始尺寸Ai 和 Li 的应力和应变称为工程应力和工程应变。5)Duct
15、ile and brittle materials behave differently in compression test as well. The compression test is conducted on short Cylindrical specimens placed between parallel plates. 塑性和脆性材料在压缩实验中表现的特性是不相同的。压缩实验是把短圆柱形试件放在两平行平板之间进行的6）The compression test diagram for these materials retains.The qualitative featur
16、es of the tension test diagram.The ultimate compressive strength of a brittle of a brittle material is determined in the same way as in tension. 材料压缩实验图保持了拉伸实验图性能上的特征。脆性材料的最大压缩强度与最大拉伸强度得到的方法相同。第三单元 Virtually all machines contain shafts. The most common shape for shafts is circular and the cross sect
17、ion can be either solid or hollow (hollow shafts can result in weight savings). 几乎所有的机器都有轴，最常用的外形是圆形的，横截面是空心的或实心的圆形截面（空心轴可以减少重量）。 A shaft must have adequate torsional strength to transmit torque and not be overstressed. It must also be torsionally still enough so that one mounted component does not
18、deviate excessively from its 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 32 页original angular position relative to a second component mounted on the same shaft. 一个轴必须有足够的扭转强度来传递扭矩而不会破坏，同样也必须有足够的扭转刚度，这样 安装轴就不能过度偏离相对于安装在同一轴上第二个零件的原始位置。 Shafts are mounted on bearings and transmit power through
19、 such devices as gears, pulleys, cams and clutches. These devices introduce forces which attempt to bend the shaft。 hence, the shaft must be rigid enough to prevent overloading of the supporting bearings. 轴安装在轴承上通过齿轮，滑轮，凸轮和离合器这些装置传递力。这些装置可以产生使轴弯曲的力，所以轴必修有足够的刚性防止支撑轴承的过载。 In addition, the shaft must b
20、e able to sustain a combination of bending and torsion and bending. 另外，轴必须能承载弯扭组合的载荷，因此，这样就必须考虑弯扭组合的等效载荷。Components such as gears and pulleys are mounted on shafts by means of key. The design of the key and the corresponding keyway in the shaft must be properly evaluated. 齿轮和滑轮构件是用键的方式连接在轴上的，键和对应的键槽
21、的设计必须进行估算。Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly connecting one shaft to another. This is accomplished by devices such as rigid and flexible couplings. 轴设计的另一个重要方面是直接连接精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 32 页两轴，通过刚性和柔性的联轴器装置来实现。41) herringbone gears 人字形齿轮
22、2）spiral gears 螺旋齿轮3）worm gears 蜗轮 4) bevel gears（圆）锥齿轮，伞齿轮5）hypoid gears 准双曲面齿轮6）sizes of spur-gear teeth 轮齿尺寸7) the automotive rearaxle drives 汽车后桥驱动8) rack-and-pinion drives 齿条和小齿轮驱动9) diametral pitch 径节 10) pitch circle 节圆 11) the tangency point 切点 12) pressure angles 压力角 13) an involute curve 渐
23、开线曲线 14) the radial distant 径向距离 15) at right angles 成直角 16) the average number of teeth in contact 平均啮合齿数 17) the reciprocal of the diametral pitch 径节的导数18) to change inches to millimeters 将英寸改为毫M 19) a line perpendicular to the centerlines 垂直于中心线的线 20) center distance between two meshed gears 两个互相
24、啮合齿轮的中心距离 1)Pressure angles for spur gears are usually 14.5 or 20 degress, although other values can be used. Meshing gears must have the same pressure angles. 译文：虽然直齿圆柱齿轮的压力角可以取很多其他值，但通常大多是在14.5 至 20 度之间。互相啮合齿轮的压力角必须相同。2)The shape of the space between gear teeth is complex and varies with the numbe
25、r of teeth on the gear as well as tooth module, so most 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 32 页gear manufacturing methods generate the tooth flank instead of forming. 译文：由于齿轮齿数以及齿形的不同，齿轮齿侧间隙的形状也是复杂多样的，所以大多数齿轮的制造方法是范成发而不是成型法。 3) Worm gears are used where high ratios are desired and
26、where the shafts are nointersecting and at right angles. 译文：蜗轮蜗杆常用于那些要求高传动比同时两根轴不交叉但成直角的场合。4) It has the great advantage that the cutting tool is a simple rack with(nearly) straight sided teeth which can easily be ground accurately. 译文：一个很大的优势在于刀具是在一个简单的齿条几乎可以直接准确地支起被磨损的轮齿。5) Modern shapers cutting
27、car gears can run at 2000 cutting per minute. The shape of the cutter is roughly the same as an involute gear but the tips of the teeth are rounded. 译文：现代牛头刨床削减汽车齿轮可以运行在每分钟2000。刀具的形状大致与渐开线齿轮的圆形轮齿相同。6) Bevel gears are often used when two shafts are at right angles to each other and their centenline e
28、xtensions intersect 。however,some bevel gears are at angles other than 90 degrees. 译文：锥齿轮常用于两轴互相垂直且它们中心线的延长线相交的场合下。可是，有些锥齿轮的轴线并非互相垂直。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 32 页51.plate cams 盘形凸轮2. cylindrical cams 圆 柱 凸 轮3. the cam assemblies in automatic record players 录音机上的凸轮组件 4. ca
29、m profiles 凸轮轮廓5. make a full-scale template 制造一个实尺样板6. in the course of several revolutions of the cam 在凸轮转几转的过程中7. a tangential plate template 切向盘形凸轮8. a translation cam 移动凸轮 9. the groove in the periphery of the cam 凸轮 表面 上的槽10. a guided vertical reciprocated follower 纵向做往复运动的从动件11. a constant-di
30、ameter cam 等径凸轮 12. automatic washing machines 自动洗衣机 13. a face cam 面凸轮 14. the edge of a pivoted follower 摆动从动件的边缘 15. a reciprocating knife-edged follower 一个做往复运动的刃口式从动件16. miniature snap-action electrical switches 微型速动电开关17. a pivoted flat-faced follower 一个转动的平面从动件18. air pilot values 空气试点值19. th
31、e abrupt change in cam profile 凸轮轮廓的突变20. a Scotch yoke mechanism 苏格兰约克机构 1.The purpose of any cam is to produce a displacement of its follower is ofen used to produce additional displacement in another location. 使用凸轮的目的是使其从动件产生位移，次级从动件常用来在另一位置产生附加位移2.The relative vertical position of point A 精选学习资料
32、 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 32 页with respect to B needs to be raised if the reaction value at B is excessive. 如果 B 点的值超量，点 A 相对于 B 的垂直位置就要升高 3.In general, the follower is considered to be the part that comes in contact with the cam profile. However, when a secondary follower is us
33、ed, the motion of the secondary follower is dicatated by that of the primary follower. 总的来说，从动件是与凸轮轮廓相接触的零件。然而，当用次级从动件时，次级从动件的运动就需要通过主要从动件来实现 4.The simplest type of follower is the reciprocating type that merely moves up and down (or in and out) with the rotation of the cam 。 the centerline can be e
34、ither collinear with the cam centerline or offset from it. 最简单的从动件是随着凸轮的转动而仅作上下（或进出）往复运动的从动件，其中心线可与 凸轮中心线共线，也可与之偏离。 5.Fasteners are devices which permit one part to be joined to a second part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs. 紧固件是一种可以连接两个零件的部件，因此他们几乎在所有设计中都被涉及到 。 6.Springs are mec
35、hanical members which are designed to give a relatively large amount of elastic deflection under the action of an externally applied load. 弹簧是一种被设计为在外部负载的作用下能发生相对大量弹性变形的机械部件。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 32 页61)a developing and demanding industry 产业的发展与要求2)propeller shaft 螺旋轴
36、3)suspension components 悬挂部件4)a sliding splined type of joint 滑动式花键5)tow rear axle shafts 双转向轴轴 6)to mesh with a larger bevel gear 与较大的锥齿轮啮合 7)the universal joints 万向节 8)a steering wheel 转向盘9)unevenness of road surface 路面的不平整度10)the transverse line of the the axle shafts 该轴的横向线 11)to cause excessive
37、 tyre wear 使轮胎磨损过度12)the exactly similar diameter 完全相似的直径 13)quarter-elliptic leaf springs 四分之一椭圆钢板弹簧片14)the transmission of shock 震动的传播 15)road surface variation 路面的变化16)the final-drive gears 最终传动齿轮 17)the precise alignment of shaft 轴的精确定位 18)a rotating drum 一个旋转的筒鼓 19)a hand lever 手柄 20)be locked
38、in the one position 被锁定在一个位置 1)The lubrication system provides a constant flow of filtered oil to all moving parts of the engine. The system consists of an oil pan to store the oil, a pump to circulate it, a filter to remove solid abrasive particles, and an oil gauge or light in the drivers compartm
39、ent for checking purposes. 译:润滑系统提供了源源不断的过滤油给发动机的各个运动部件，该系统由一个油箱来储存油，一个泵来输送油，一个过滤装置除去固体磨精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 32 页料颗粒，并且在驾驶室里有个油压表或者指示灯来方便驾驶 员 检 查 油 量 是 否 充 足 。2)The drive line consists of mechanisms and units which transmit torque from the engine to the drive wheels
40、and change torque and rpm in magnitude and direction. 译:传动系包括机制和单位，它将扭矩传送到驱动轮并改变转矩和转速的大小和方向。 3)It has been seen that if the conditions are not very abnormal, sufficient amount of tyre slip taking place under running conditions would release these stresses completely. 译:可以看到，如果运行状况不是很正常，轮胎在行驶的情况下发生足够
41、的滑移，这些压力就会被完全释放出来。 4)Much effort is required to crank the engine during starting, since it is necessary to overcome friction in the moving engine components and the resistance offered by the charge being compressed. 译:发动机开始运行需要经过许多努力，比如必须要克服发动机运动部件之间的阻力和内部 装置间的压力。5)The clutch is a friction device us
42、ed to connect and disconnect a driving force from a driven member .It is used in conjunction with an engine flywheel to provide smo0th engagement and disengagement of the engine and manual transmission. 译:离合器是一个将驱动力从驱动机构连接或者断开的摩擦装置，它由人力操控连接发动机的飞轮来提供平滑的连接与分离。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - -
43、- -第 12 页，共 32 页6)The differential is a gear system that transfers power from the drive shaft to the driving axles. It also permits one driving wheel to turn faster than the other to prevent skidding and scuffing of tires on turns. 译:差速器是一个将动力从主动轴传送到驱动轴的齿轮装置，它的存在可以允许一个驱动轮的速度比另一个更快从而避免轮胎在转动时发生打滑和擦伤。7
44、1.Green sand型砂2.Pour molten metal into a prepared cavity 将熔融的金属倒入型腔中 3.More stable and refractory sands 耐熔砂 4.Be used to produce intricate molds 用来制作复杂铸型5.Both ferrous and nonferrous materials 黑色及有色金属 6.Parting powder 分形砂 7.Be rammed 夯实 8.Pattern draft 拔模斜度9.Sprues,runners and gates 直浇道，横浇道和内浇口 10.A
45、 pouring basin 外浇口 11.To make up for shrinkage losses 用于弥补收缩损失 12.The cope and the drag 上沙箱和下沙箱13.Some organic bonding materials 一些有机黏合材料 14.Gross shrinkage 缩孔 15.A bottom-pouring ladle 底部浇注铁水包 16.The rate of solidification 凝固速率 17.To affect the degree of liquid contraction 影响液体收缩的程度18.Columnar grow
46、th present at the mold wall 铸型中针状物的成长19.The feeding characteristics of the risering system 冒口的补缩特征 20.Unwanted metal protrusions 多 余 的 金属 突 起1.The first stage in the 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 32 页production of sand casting must be the design and manufacture of a suitable
47、pattern.Casting pattern has to be made larger than the finished casting size to allow for the shrinkage that takes place during solidification and cooling. 在型砂铸造生产中，第一阶段是必须设计和制造合适的模型，考虑到铸件在凝固和冷却期间产生的收缩，铸件模型的尺寸要比铸件的尺寸大。2.If a hollow casting is to be made the pattern will include extension pieces so t
48、hat spaces to accept the sand core are molded into the sand,These additional spaces in the mold are termed core prints. 如果铸造空心铸件时，模型上包含伸长杆便于在砂中放置砂芯的空间称为型芯座 3.Sand molds for the production of small and medium-sized castings are made in a molding box.The mold is made in two or more parts in order that
49、 the pattern may be removed. 中小型尺寸的铸件砂型是在一个砂箱中制造，砂型由两部分或更多部分组成，以利于模型的顺利取出。4.This process of filling and ramming may be done by hand but mold production is automated in a large foundry with the mold boxes moving along a conveyor,firstly to be filled with sand from hoppers and then to pass under mecha
50、nical hammers for ramming. 填充和夯实的过程可以手工完成，但在大型铸造中砂型的制造是自动完成的，砂箱随着传送带移动，首先被料斗中的砂子填满，然后通过机械锤被打实。 5.The risers should coincide with the highest points of the 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 32 页mold cavity so that the displaced air can readily escape from the mold. The sizes of ri