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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date高考英语语法重点归纳高考英语语法重点归纳高考英语语法重点归纳一、名词【知识精讲】名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词。 专有名词表示某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等普通名词可数名词个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如:ai
2、r抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work一、 名词的数 在熟悉可数名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点: 1. 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如: physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States 2. 抽象名词表示具体或特定的事例时也可作可数名词,单数前面应有不定冠词。如:(1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“.的人 / 物”
3、。如:The meeting is a success.(2) worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等不可数名词,指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时,可以有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.(3) a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of
4、, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如:He has a good practical knowledge of computer science.3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如:machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence 4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如: chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉 / fishes( fish )各种鱼; p
5、aper纸 / papers试卷; water水 / waters水域,room空间/ rooms房间 5. 只有复数形式的名词,如:glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes,scissors等,注意加单位名词的用法:a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如: people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人) 7. 以复数形式出现,表达复数含义,如: belongings, surrounding
6、s, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops 8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,若侧重各个成员,则用复数,如: audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,publicl The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be. l My family are going with me. 9. 单复数同形的名词,如:
7、 fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works, li(里), yuan(元), mu(亩)等l How many deer are there in Dafeng now? 10. 合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一个部分变为复数,如:sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers, breakfasts, housewives11. 不规则名词的“数”,如:woman -women,
8、child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses, 12 .专有名词的“数”,如: 史密斯一家人 the Smiths 两个玛丽 two Marys 13. 非名词类词汇的“数”,如:缩写,数字,字母的复数常用加s的方法来构成 three as; two buts; in ones twenties; in the 1980s(1980s) l Nothing is in good order but at
9、sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟 l You mightnt as well use so many ands in your conversation. 14. 注意以下名词为不可数名词:advice, baggage, change(零钱), equipment, furniture, fun ,hair, homework, information, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic.二、 名词所有格 英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格, 1. 单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加
10、s,如:the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所。 2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加 ,如:the workers struggle工人的斗争。 3. 复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加s, 如: her brother-in-laws bike, someone elses keys a day or twos rest 4. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。 Johns and Marys rooms(两间)John and Marys room(一间) 5. 在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常
11、省略它所修饰的名词,如:在诊所at the doctors 在我姐家at my sisters 6. 双重所有格,of +名词s 结构表示全体中的一部分,如:a friend of my fathers , works of Lu Xuns 注意:当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同 l This is a picture of my friends. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画 l This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片 三. 名词作定语 1. 一般用单数形式,如: a stone bridge, a meeting
12、room, morning exercises, a shoe shop2. 个别名词用复数作定语,sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等,如: sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 a goods train 货车 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系customs house海关3. man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如: a woman teacher, me
13、n workers, women teachers, gentlemen officials 4. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如: two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划二、冠 词【知识精讲】一、不定冠词(a/an) 1. 泛指某一类人或事物,相当于any。A square has four sides.2. 用于某些物质名词前。 a coffee 一杯咖啡; a tea 一杯茶;a heavy rain 一场大雨; a strong win
14、d 一种强烈的信念 3. 用于专有名词前表示某一个。a Mr. Green ; 一位格林先生a Mary; a Shakespeare of China 中国的莎士比亚 4. 用于某些固定结构中。 once upon a time , have a rest , take a bath , in a hurry , all of a sudden , as a matter of fact , Its a pity that . 5. 用于双重修饰结构中:so / as / that / too / how + adj. + a / an + n. 。He is so good a teach
15、er that all of us like him6. 冠词放在quite, many, such, what等词之后。It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it7. 用在事物的“单位”前,如价格、速度、比率的名词前,表示“每一”。Take this medicine three times a day.8. 用于同源宾语中:die a death ; dream a dream ; fight a fight ; sleep a sleep; live/lead a life; smi
16、le a smile 二、定冠词(the) 1. 特指某人或物,用于区别同类中的其他人或事物。如:Is this the book you are looking for?2. 特指世界上独一无二的事物或自然现象。但space表示“太空”,nature表示“大自然”,均不能与冠词连用;但具体的天体前通常加定冠词。如:the stars,the moon,the sun,the universe等。3. 双方都知道或者在文中第二次提及的人或事物。We are living a happy life. The life we are living is happy. 4. 用于表示方位的名词前。t
17、he east, the left, the south5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前,以及对两人或事物进行对比时起特定作用的比较级前。the tallestboyHe is the taller of the two brothers.6. in + the + 数词复数式。如:in the early 1920s 7. the + 比较级 + , the + 比较级 + :; 越; 就越 。如: The harder you study English, the more progress you will make.8. the +姓氏复数:如the Greens, 格林一家 9.
18、 the + adj.; the + 分词。如:the rich 富人; the living 生者; the sick 病人; the unemployed 失业者; the ugly 丑的东西10.by the + 单位名词。如by the hour,按小时计 11.v. + sb. + prep. + the +人体各部位。如: A stone hit John on the head. 12.play + the + 乐器名称。如:play the piano.弹钢琴. 13.用在惯用语中。例如: in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evenin
19、g),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark,in the rain,in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre三、零冠词:1. 零冠词的基本用法:一般性的泛指,甚至表抽象意义。 2. 复数可数名词、不可数名词前不用冠词,表示泛指; 如:Horses are useful anim
20、als. (思考: A horse is useful. / The horse is a useful animal) 3. 称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词; l We made him president of USA. l Whos this, Mother? 4. 球类运动、棋类运动和“三餐”前不用冠词; 如:Have you had supper? 5. 表示季节、月份,星期或含day表节日的名词前不用冠词; 如:March, Christmas, Womens Day (但是:the Spring Festival ) 6. 前面已经有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不
21、用冠词; 如:his book; that cat; any people 7. 在交通工具、学科名称的名词前不加冠词。如:by car, by bus, by bike, by train, on foot ,Chinese, English literature8. 某些习语,固定短语或固定结构中不用冠词。 l husband and wife, knife and fork, face to face, side by side l to church, at home, at night, at school, go to school, in hospital, at table l
22、 Child as he is, he knows a lot of English. l At last, she turned doctor. (但是:She became a doctor.) 三、代词代词是用来指代人或事物的词。代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词疑问代词、不定代词、连接代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。连接代词和关系代词本章不做将讲解,参见其它章节。一人称代词人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。数格人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hesheithimherittheyt
23、hem(1).人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。Does any of you know where Tom lives? Me.What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数和格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he代替)They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用h
24、er替代)在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.(2).两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则为:在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.第三人称,男
25、女两性并用,男先女后。He and she still dont agree to the plan.(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。The “Titanic”was the largest, wasnt she?二.物主代词表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性类别人称数形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数第一人称mymine第二人称youryours第三人称hishisherhersitsits复数第一人称ourours第二人称youryours第三人称theirtheirs.形容词性物主代
26、词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语。例如:用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语) Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作宾语)三.反身代词反身代词可以作主语、宾语、表语或宾语的同位语。反身代词和某些动词连用,构成固定短语。enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, help oneself to 反身代词还可用于某些成语中。for oneself为自己或独立地,of onese
27、lf自然地,自动地by oneself独自地,in oneself本身性质。四.相互代词(each other, one another)相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each others 、one anothers ,作定语。一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。五.指示代词(this, that , these, those, such, same)指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语或表语等。.指示代词this和that的区别。this (these)一般指时间或
28、空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。 This is my desk and that is yours. In those days they could not go to school.this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。 I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt come.this在电话用语中作自我
29、介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。 You have changed that much.such和same的用法。such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语或定语。 Such was the story. We have never seen such a tall building.same指“同样的”人或事,其前面要用定冠词the,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语. The same can be said of the other article.另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语) Whether he can do it or not,it is
30、 all the same to me.他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语)六.疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose).疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。who was her husband? (主语)What do you want? (作宾语).which与who、whatwhich表示在一定范围内,而who、what则无此限制。 I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?.注意下列疑问词的使用与汉语的差别。Population ? 人口是多少?Distance? 距离是多少?Price? 价格是多少?Ad
31、dress? 住在哪里?Attitude? 态度怎样?Whats the七 .不定代词不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等,但every、no只能作定语。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。.some与any一般用法:some、any可与可数名词单数、复数及不可数名词连用。s
32、ome一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句、否定句或条件句。 He has some Chinese paintings.(定语) Some like sports,while others like music.(主语) Ask me if you have any questions.(定语) I dont know any of the students.(宾语)特殊用法:any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。 Any child can do that.(定语) You may take any of them.(宾语)some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。 Smith went to
33、some place in England.(定语)在期待对方回答yes 时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 Would you like some bananas?(邀请) Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)some 用于否定句表示部分否定。 I dont know some of the students.(宾语)some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any可修饰比较级,常用于否定句或疑问句中,表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫”。如: There are some 300 workers on strik
34、e. Do you feel any better today?.one,both,allone作主语、宾语、表语或定语,可以指人或物,表示“一个”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是ones,反身代词是oneself. One should try ones best to serve the people.(主语、定语) This is not the one I want.(表语)both用作主语、宾语、定语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都”的意思。 This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语) Both of
35、 the boys are here.(主语) We both are students.(同位语)注意:a.both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用neither。如:Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。 Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。b.both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。如:Both my parents like this film.Both the /these boys are tall.all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“全部的”、
36、“整个的”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与名词复数连用时,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三个或三个以上的人或物。 All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。 I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。 Thats all for today.今天就在这儿。 They have all been to Xian.他们都去过西安。注意:all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如: Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don
37、t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。 None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。.none和nothing,no oneno one单独使用,只指人,没有限定的范围,不能与of连用,常用来回答who的提问;Nothing单独使用,用于指物,没有限定的范围,不能与of连用,常用来回答what的提问;None强调数量,既可以指人又可以指物,有限定的范围,能与of连用,常用来回答how much、how many的提问。当上下文中含有“many,much,some,any”等表数量概念的词时常用none。 None of us will
38、 belive in such a person.我们没有人会相信这样一个人。 He has many friends,but none can really help him when he is in trouble.他有很多朋友,但是当他处于困境中的时候,没有一个朋友能真正帮助他。 -Who told you the news?谁告诉你这消息的? -No one.I read it on the newspaper.没有人告诉我。我在报纸上读的。.each和everyeach(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every(每个),指三个或三个以
39、上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语。另外,every可用于 every other (或every +数词 ) + 名词 的结构中,表示每隔之意思:every other day 每隔一天 every three years 每隔三年every third year 每隔三年 every other line 每隔一行every ten miles每隔十哩 Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调班上“所有的人”) Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体) Eac
40、h of them has been there.(主语) The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语) We each got a ticket.(同位语).either和neithereither是“两者中任何一个”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如: Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语) Neither boy knows French.(定语) Th
41、e little girl can write with either hand. 小姑娘哪只手写字都行。(作定语) Would you prefer tea or coffee,sir? 先生,你喝茶还是咖啡? Oh,I dont mind. Either will do. 噢,无所谓。随便哪一种都行。(作主语) You can come on Saturday or Sunday. Either day is OK for me. 你可以星期六来也可以星期天来。对我来说哪一天都可以。(作定语) 注意:either也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否定句的句末。He doesnlike tea,
42、and I dont either.either与or构成连词,意为“不是就是”或“要么要么”。He is either Japanese or Chinese. neither用作副词,意为“也不”,即“noteither”。He cant do it, neither can I.neither可与nor构成连词,意为“既不也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.other和another, the others 和othersthe other单独使用,表示“两者中的另一个”;也可用于“the other + 复数可数名词”的结构中,表特指,意为“其余(
43、他)的”;the others表示“其他的人或物”。“others及other + 复数名词”表泛指,意为“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如: He got two books; one is a textbook, the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red, and the others(the other pens)are yellow. Some are singing, while others are dancing.another修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”,不能指
44、两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语。 This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语) Please give me another book.(定语)注意:another可跟基数词+复数名词,意为“再,又”。如:Please give me another ten minutes. one another(a second) a thirdthe other意为“一个一个一个一个”用于三者或三者以上单数的排列。someothersothers,意为“一些一些一些”。替代词的用法代词it与替代词one,ones,the ones,that,
45、those的用法区别:.it指代前面提到过的同一事物。.one替代单数名词,表示同类异物,泛指;其复数形式为ones。.the one替代前面的单数名词,表示特指,等于不定冠词+名词。其后往往带定语;the ones为其复数形式。.that既可以替代单数可数名词,也可以替代不可数名词,也指代同类异物,但表特指,等于限定词+名词。若替代单数可数名词时,相当于the one,其后往往带后置定语。.those替代复数名词,相当于the ones。 Your story is interesting ,but I dont like it.I havent got a computer. I want
46、 to buy one next year.The population in China is much larger than that in Japan.The conditions are like those in the real spaceship.There is only one watch of this type in the shop. so I want to buy it for her.it用法一、it 作人称代词的用法. 指事物作为人称代词,it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如: I dropped my watch and it broke. Its hard work, but I enjoy it. “Where is the dog?” “Its in the bedroom. ”. 指人it 指人主要用于指