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1、【精品文档】如有侵权,请联系网站删除,仅供学习与交流暑假班初一英语讲义.精品文档.第一讲 名 词 (Nouns)一、定义 :名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词叫名词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。 二、分类1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 类 别意 义例 词专有名词(专有名词的实词要大写词首字母)表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。Jim 吉姆、 China 中国、 July 七月、 Friday 星期五、 Christmas 圣诞节、 English 英语、Asia亚洲、Beijing北京、the Peoples Repub
2、lic of China中华人民共和国。普 通名 词定义:表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称可数名词个体名词Individual Nouns表示单个的人和事物。car 汽车、 room 房间、 fan 风扇、photo 照片。集体名词Collective Nouns表示一群人或一些事物的名称people 人们、family 家庭、 army 军队、 government政府 group 集团 、不可数名物质名词Material Nouns表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。fire 火、 steel 钢、 air 空气 、water 水、 milk牛奶。 抽象名词Abstr
3、act Nouns表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 labor 劳动、 health 健康、life 生活、 friendship友情、 patience耐力。注:专有名词如果是含有名词短语的,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)。姓氏用复数形式,和定冠词the连用则表示该姓氏一家人或 某某夫妇(复数含义。如:the Greens( 格林一家人或格林夫妇)三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词可以计数的人、事物的名词 (个体名词,集体名词)不可数名词不可以计数的事物的名词(物质名词和抽象名词) 试着区分一下下列的词: milk tea wat
4、er orange juice coke coffee porridge rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings jam2、可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 可数名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面需加冠词a或an。1)单数 如a desk(一张桌子) an old desk(一张旧书桌) 2)复数:当要表示两个以上或两个以上的概念时,要用名词的复数形式 3、 名词单数变复数的规则情 况构成方式例 词备注1)一般情况在词尾加 -sbookbooks deskdesks apple-apples 以s,x,ch,sh, 结尾的词在词尾加-esboxboxes
5、busbuses watch-watches wish-wishes 注意: 以 th 结尾加-s, month-months stomach-stomachs 以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加- es。city-cities country-countries baby-babies family-families dutyduties story-storiesdictionary-dictionaries以元音字母+y,直接加sday-days,boyboys, toy-toy,keykeys way-ways以f或fe结尾(1)要把f或 fe 变为v再加-esknife-knives,
6、half-halvesthief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knifeleaf ,self ,half ,wolf Self(所有反身代词变复数)(2)有少数以f结尾的词后面直接加sroof-roofs (屋顶) serf农奴 gulf海湾,reef珊瑚礁,chief 首长,proof证据,belief 信仰,。以o结尾(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-estomato-tomatoespotato-potatoeshero-heroes negro-negroes piano-pianos, photo-photoskilo-kilos(2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s zoo
7、-zoos, ,radio-radios, , bamboo-bamboos kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠例外)(3)既可以加-s,也可以加-eszero-zeros或 zeroes(零) volcano(火山)volcanos或volcanoes注意:名词修饰名词一般情况下,前一个名词用单数形式Apple treeapple treesPencil box -pencil boxesGirl students由man和woman 修饰名词时,二者都用复数形式 Man doctormen doctorswoman teacherwomen teachers4.名词单数变复数的不规
8、则变化: 情 况 例 词备注 内部元音字母发生变化。 footfeet,toothteeth, goose- geese manmen,womanWomen女人policemanpolicemen警察mousemice鼠,louse-lice虱子 词尾发生变化。 oxoxen 公牛 childchildren孩子 有个别名词单复数形式一样。(其复数形式有时可表示特别意思)除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。deerdeer鹿 fishfish 鱼 sheepsheep羊meansmeans方法 worksworks工厂如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)
9、鱼如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 表示“某国人”的单、复数变化单复数同形ChineseChinese中国人 JapaneseJapanese日本人 SwissSwiss瑞士人 中日瑞士不用变,英法国人A变E,其余加S。,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。 The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 词尾加-sGermanGermans德国人
10、RussianRussians 俄罗斯人 RomanRomans 罗马人 AmericanAmericans美国人 AustralianAustralians 澳大利亚人 IndianIndians印度人变man为menFrenchmanFrenchmen法国人 EnglishmanEnglishmen英国人单数形式但其意为复数的名词people, police cattle, 等。注意:在表达这些词时不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中
11、间加连字符ten-minutes walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk有些名词仅有复数形式trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,scissors,compasses。只用作单数的复数形式的名词(以复数形式出现的学科名词physics, mathematics/maths其他名词:news, falls游戏名称:bowls专有名词the United States, Niagara Falls 例句:The United Nations was organized in1945. 联合国是1945年组建起
12、来的。书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名, The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。视为单数。课堂练习: 写出下列名词的复数形式。movie life knife fry leaf photo radio piano zoo tomato potato bus watch box bookmap cat film door month horse picture classboy tooth woman eye goose German Chinesemanfootball child classroom monk
13、ey Frenchman 不可数名词一.定义:不可以计数的名词叫不可数名词,包括物质名词(无法分为个体的物质)和抽象名词(抽象概念的词) 二.不可数名词特点:1.不可数名词没有复数形式,也不能直接与a, an及数词连用,常作单数看待。(当它做主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式)例: water Theres some water in the bottle. food My favorite food is noodles.2.不可数名词,若要表示它的个体意义时,一般需要将其量化。不可数名词如何量化在不可数名词前面加上“数词+量词+of”,a piece of bread( paper(纸), cl
14、oth(布), coal(煤), news(新闻), advice(意见), information(信息), , meat(肉) )an item of information 一则情报 a slip of paper 一张纸条a length of cloth 一段布料 a cake of soap 一块肥皂 a tube of tooth-paste 一条牙膏 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水当量词可数,且前面的数词大于“1”时,量词需要用复数形式如two bottles of water 两瓶水 two pieces of paper 两张纸 同时,可数名词也有相应用法,如:a
15、 box of apples 一箱苹果 six boxes of apples 六箱苹果 等。单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用,表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。 例two hundred students(200名学生)ten thousand trees(10000棵树) 测试点: He caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼(此处为许多条鱼,fish的复数仍为fish或fishes) =He caught a lot of fishes. The paper is about some fresh-water fishes
16、.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。(此处fish表示不同种类的鱼,加复数词尾-es) 用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少短语:Much/a lot of bread 许多面包The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.3. 常考的不可数名词Sugar(糖) work, fruit, harm, wealth(财富) , baggage(行李), change(零钱), furniture(家具), hair(头发), homework(家庭作业),
17、information(信息), knowledge(知识), luggage(行李),money(钱),news(消息),progress(进步),traffic(交通),fun(乐趣),weather(天气),music(音乐),Health(健康),luck(好运),water(水),time(时间),rain(雨),truth(真相),ice(冰)课堂练习:请归类可数名词和不可数名词,把该单词的编号写在相应的位置上。A.book B.milk C.rice D.fruit E.soup F.waterG.tea H.hamburger I.bread J.money K.paper L
18、.deskM.toy N.baby O.season P.egg Q.coffee R.computer S.tree T.meat U.pork V.tooth W.room X.pen Y.beef Z.chair1. 可数:_2. 不可数:_名词所有格一.定义:表示有生命的东西的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词后加 s来表示所有关系,叫做名词所有格。二名词格的种类:英语名词有三个格,即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同,所以它们又统称作通格。英语名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-s 所有格和 of 所有格,双重所有格三种形式。三、名词所有格的形式。名
19、词所有格一般表示所有关系,有-s 所有格和of 所有格两种。1s所有格的用法,其构成如下:(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。my sisters book(我姐姐的书)a students room, students rooms, fathers shoes。:mens room 男厕所 / Chairman Maos works毛主席著作 / a miles distance 一英里的距离/ a stones throw 一步之遥 / the moons light 月光,Jims bed ,the mans wife ,childrens toys ,the foxs t
20、ail (2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。Teachers Day(教师节),3 hours walk 三小时的路程 ,five minutes walk 五分钟路程, two miles distance 两英里的距离,thestudents books ,my boss office , 注意:特殊的名词复数仍要加 s如children就是child的名词复数形式它变所有格时则必须加 s Childrens Day(儿童节)(3)有些表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s.todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten min
21、utes break(十分钟的课间休息),Chinas population(中国的人口).a twenty minutes walk,ten miles journey,a boats length,two pounds weight, ten dollars worth(4)表示两者共同拥有的人或物(共有)时,只需要后一个名词加s(或)即可。如果表示两者各自的所属关系(各自所有),则每个名词词尾都加上s(或)例如: Joan and Janes room(房间属二人共同所有) Joans and Janes room(指Joan和Jane各自的房间)Tom and Marys mother
22、(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)(5)s所有格所修饰的词的省略现象(1)表示诊所、店铺或某人的家等地点名词,其名词所有格后的被修饰语常常省略。I met her at the doctors(office)我在诊所遇见了她。 He has gone to the tailors(shop)他到服装店去了。 She went to MrBlacks(house)yesterday她昨天到布莱克先生家去了。(2)名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提到过,往往可以省略,以免重复Whose pen is this?Its Toms(pen)这是谁的钢笔?是汤姆的。The bike is not mine,
23、but Wang Pinpins(bike)这辆自行车不是我的,是王品品的。2、of 所有格的用法:“of +名词”构成的一种词组形式。(1)of所有格一般用于无生命的东西的名词中,表示所有关系。 the story of a her, the windows of the room,a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿)a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。注意:表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 of 构成短语表示前者属
24、于后者(2)用于名词化的词。the sticks of the blind 盲人的拐杖3修饰词较多时也可用of所有格the very long and graceful tail of the black cat 黑猫的又长又美的尾巴 4表示有生命的东西的名词,有时也可以用of所有格。the children of the family 那家的孩子们3名词的双重所有格:s所有格和of所有格两种所有格形式结合在一起,构成of所有格形式,即双重的所有格。它通常表示部分观念,即全体中的一部分,在意义上与one of相似,它主要修饰of短语之前的那个名词。此外,双重所有格与指示代词连用时,常带有感情色
25、彩,如赞赏、不满、厌恶等。它的主要形式如下: 1 名词of名词性物主代词。例如: a good friend of mine 我的一个好朋友 an interesting story of his 他的有趣的经历 2名词ofs所有格例如: He is a friend of my sisters(one of my sisters friends)他是我姐姐的一个朋友。Look at that long nose of Jacks看杰克的那个长鼻子。(感情色彩)试比较: a picture of Xiao Zhang 小张(本人)的照片 a picture of Xiao Zhangs 小张(
26、具有的照片中)的一张照片 此外,不定冠词、数词、某些不定代词(some,any,many,no,few等)以及which等限定词,一般不与形容词性物主代词或s所有格等一起放在名词前修饰名词,而采用of所有格或双重所有格形式。例如: most of the students 学生中的大多数 three of them 他们中的三个人I have read some books of his我读过他的一些书。 Which book of Qiong Yaos have you read?你读过琼瑶的哪一本书? 课堂练习: 汤姆的叔叔 男孩的书包 男厕所 教师节 那两个女孩的妈妈 露西和莉莉的自行车
27、(各自所有) 露西和莉莉的卧室(共同拥有)三、s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三者之间的细微区别 请仔细比较下面三句话: 1She is Marys brothers friend 2She is a friend of Marys brother 3She is a friend of Marys brothers 1句用的是s所有格,侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系,突出friend一词。 2句用的是of所有格,侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系,强调突出了Marys brother。 3句用的是双重所有格,侧重说明Mary哥哥的朋友不止是一个,她只是其中的一个。【实例解析】1.Th
28、ese _ have saved many childrens lives.A. woman doctors B. women doctorC. women doctors D. woman doctor答案:C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。2. This is _ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.A. Anne and Jane B. Annes and JanesC. Annes and Jane D. Anne and Janes答案:D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一
29、个房间时,只在后面的名词后加s。3. -Are there any _ on the farm?-Yes, there are some.A. horseB. duckC. chickenD. sheep答案:D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断,主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。4. -What would you like to drink, _ or orange?-Orange, please.A. hamburger B. chip C. tea答案:C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。课堂练习: 1._(李明的父母)work in
30、a big hospital.2. This is _(我妹妹的语文书)3. _(双胞胎的卧室) are very nice.4. _(王平和王明的父亲) is a hotel manager.5. Is this _(你的好朋友的钢笔) ?6. They are _(Peter 和Sam的老师).7._(教师节) is on September 10th .8._(学生们的桌椅) are very new.9.We are very happy on _(儿童节).10.He is in _(老师的办公室) now.课后练习:练习:(一). 写出下列单词的复数形式: boy- watch-
31、knife- leaf- wife- footbaby- family- man- woman- child- tooth- goose- mouse- sheep- peach- picture- Chinese- this- is- that- box-II. 划出下列单词中的不可数名词:meat shirt food knife snow water ice tea orange truck car ear bread milk eraser clothes. 翻译下列词组:一瓶汽水 一杯茶 一副眼镜 两杯桔子汁 六瓶水练习(二)1. The study of ( ) can be ve
32、ry interesting.A. history B. histories C. a history D. the history2. They like to eat ( ) of the restaurantA. fishes and beef B. fish and beef C. fish and beefs D. fishes and beefs3. We think he has a very happy ( ).A. family B. families C. house D. houses.4. What she lacks is ( ).A. experiences B.
33、a experience C. an experience D. experience5. ( ) is expensive these days. A. The beer B. A beer C. Beer D. Beers6The whole class often ( ) the old do some cleaning. A. help B. require C. helps D. requires7. ( ) grazing on the meadow. A. The cattle was B. The cattles were C. The cattle were D. A cat
34、tle was8. Toward evening, ( ) came, which made things even worse. A. cold rain B. the cold rain C. a cold rain 9. I have _ to do on Sundays.A. Many housework B. much houseworkC. Many houseworks D. much housework10. How much are the _?A. Bread B. meats C. potatoes D. tomatoes11. Three months _a long
35、time for me .A.Is B.are C.have D.has12. There are _and _on the table.A. Two boxes cake ; four bottle of oranges B. two boxes cake ;four bottle of orange C. two boxes of cakes; four bottles of orange D. two box of cakes ;four bottles of oranges13- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Cer
36、tainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters14Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear15There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears16 The are going to fly _ to Beijing.A. Germen
37、B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans17The_ has two _ .A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch18The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths19- Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly.- But I think we should let _ go out first.A. woman and children
38、B. women and childC. woman and child D. women and children20- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_ ”on the door of his shop.- Thanks.A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING21. There are some _ on the hill.A. sheeps B. a sheep C. sheep D. sheepes7. How many _ are there in your
39、class ?A. Japanese B. American C. Australian D. Canadian22. How much are the _ ?A. bread B. meats. C. potatos D. tomatoes23. There are many _ in our school.A. woman teachers B. womans teachers C. women teachers D. womens teachers24. Three months _ a long time for me.A. is B. are C. have D. has25.The
40、rearefive_inthehill. A.sheepB.sheepsC:gooseD.deers 26.Thosewhitesocks_small. A:areB:isC:amD:do 练习二.请写出下列词的复数形式。city _ _zoo _country _ tooth _ mouse _ boy_ broom _car _ tree _horse _ bus_ fox _ branch _ baby _ family _ dish _ radio _ photo _ piano _ knife _ leaf _ life _ thief _ _man _ woman_ child_ foot this _watch_ diary_day_ book_dress_sheep_tea_box_s