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1、Halloween,万圣节的历史来源,HalloweenisanannualholidaycelebratedonOctober31.在西方国家，每年的10月31日为“万圣节之夜”。,pumpkinlantern,mask,ghost,costume,candy,chocolate,sharpteeth(tooth),trickortreat,Halloween,HalloweenisaholidaycelebratedonOctober31intheUSA,Canada,England,Ireland,Scotland,Mexico,LatinAmerica,andSpain.,Hallow
2、eendatesbacktotheancientCelticfestivalofSamhain(pronouncedsow-in).TheCelticpeopleslivedover2,000yearsagointheareathatisnowIreland,theUnitedKingdom,andNorthernFrance.在2000多年前的爱尔兰地区及法国北部，住着一群凯尔特人，而万圣节就是起源于古塞尔特人的一个叫做Samhain的节庆。,FortheCelticpeoples,theNewYearwascelebratedonNovember1stofeveryyear.Thisdat
3、emarkedtheendofSummerandthebeginningofWinter.Thistimeofyearwasoftenassociatedwithhumandeath.,凯尔特人选在每年11月1日庆祝新年，正值夏天结束，冬天刚开始的时节多半让人联想到黑暗的死亡。,TheCeltsbelievedthatonthenightbeforethenewyear,theboundarybetweentheworldsofthelivingandthedeadbecameblurredasthedeadsearchedfortheafterlife.Thus,onthenightofOc
4、tober31st,theycelebrated,凯尔特人相信在新年的前一晚，阴间和阳间的大门不再门禁森严，此时阴间的鬼魂会趁机跑出来，为阳间的人们带来厄运。所以，在十月三十一日晚上，凯尔特人会庆祝Samhain这个节日，以趋魔避邪。,Samhain,whenitwasbelievedthattheghostsofthedeadreturnedtoEarthtocausemischiefandtrouble.,Tocommemoratetheevent,peoplebuilthugesacredbonfireswhereanimalsandcropsweresacrificedtotheGod
5、sforprotection,andtohelpscareghostsaway.TheCeltsalsoworecostumestodisguisethemselves,inanattempttoconfusethespiritsroamingtheEarth.,凯尔特人借着神圣的营火，燃烧献祭的动物和尸体，以赶走可怕的鬼魂并祈求神的保护。同时，凯尔特人也会假扮成鬼的样子，企图混淆跑到阳间的鬼魂。,TheImpactofChristianity,BytheA.D.800s,theinfluenceofChristianityhadspreadintoCelticlands.PopeBonifa
6、ceIVdesignatedNovember1stAllSaintsDay,atimetohonorSaintsandMartyrs.ItwasknownasAllHallowmas.Thus,October31stbecameknownasAllHallowsEve,andeventuallywasshortenedtothecurrentdaytitle,Halloween.,公元八百年时，基督教传入塞尔特人居住的区域。当时的教宗明定十一月一日为万圣节AllSaintsDay，又称AllHallowmas，来纪念所有的圣人和骑士。因此，十月三十一日就成了万圣节前夕，英文称之AllHallo
7、wsEve，而后來人们便简称十月三十一日为Halloween。,CelebrationsofHalloween,PumpkinsarealsoasymbolofHalloween.AJack-o-lanternisahollowed-outpumpkinwithafacecarvedononeside.Candlesareusuallyplacedinside,givingthefaceaspooky（幽灵般的）glow.Itusedtoprotectpeopleintheirhomesfromthoseharmfulspiritsandguidethespiritsoftheirancest
8、orstotheirhome.,Jack-o-lantern,JakeO-Lantern,Carvedpumpkinsaretraditionallyknownas“Jack-o-lanterns.”Traditionally,thejack-o-lanternwascarvedfromaturnip,potato,orbeetandlitwithaburningcandle.Theselanternsrepresentedthesoulsofdepartedlovedonesandwereplacedinwindowsorsetonporchestowelcomethedeceased.Th
9、eyalsoservedasprotectionfromevilspiritsfreedfromthedeadonHalloweennight.InNorthAmerica,turnips,potatoes,andbeetswerenotasreadilyavailable,sothepumpkinwasusedandfoundtobeasuitablereplacement.,众人皆知的杰克南瓜灯是刻在南瓜上，但人们一开始是在萝卜，马铃薯或甜菜上刻灯笼，然后挖空并点燃蜡烛在里面，形成灯笼。这些灯笼代表着过世的亲友，并被放置在窗边或门廊上，以欢迎他们回来。他们也被视为可趋魔避邪的象征。在北美洲
10、，萝卜，马铃薯和甜菜很罕见，因此常见的番瓜就成了非常适合的代替品。,Theycarvepumpkinlanterns,Jack-o-lanterns,PeoplehavebeenmakingJack-o-lanternsonHalloweenforcenturies.ThepracticeoriginatedfromanIrishmythaboutamanknownas“StingyJack.”StingyJackonedayinvitedtheDeviltohaveadrinkwithhim.Notwantingtopayforthedrink,hetrickedtheDevilintotu
11、rninghimselfintoacoin,andthenputtheDevilintohispocketnexttoacrossthatpreventedtheDevilfromchangingbackintohisoriginalform.JackfreedtheDevilaftertheDevilpromisednottobotherJackor,shouldhedie,claimhissoul.万圣节刻杰克南瓜灯的习俗已经有几世纪的历史了。为什么要取名为杰克呢？在爱尔兰人的传说中有个有名的小气杰克。有一天小气杰克请魔鬼喝酒，喝完后，小气杰克却小气地不想付钱，所以他就骗魔鬼，要魔鬼把自己
12、变成一枚硬币，魔鬼变成硬币后，小气杰克迅速地把硬币放在口袋里，和十字架放在一起，以防魔鬼变回原形。之后，魔鬼对小气杰克发誓，他绝对不会对小气杰克报仇，也保证杰克死了也不会让他下地狱。这时，小气杰克才让魔鬼变回原形。,Eventually,whenJackdiddie,GodwouldnottakehimintoHeaven,andtheDevil,whohadpromisednottoclaimJackssoul,couldnottakehimintoHell.Thus,theDevilsentJacksspiritintothenightwithonlyaburningcandletolig
13、hthisway.JackputthecandleintoacarvedturnipandhasbeenroamingtheEartheversince.TheIrishbegantorefertothisghostlyfigureas“JackoftheLantern,”andthensimplyas“Jack-o-lantern.”,到小气杰克死掉后，上帝不允许他进入天堂，而魔鬼曾答应过他不会让他下地狱，所以杰克死后哪都去不了。因此，魔鬼就让他的灵魂漂泊在黑夜里，只留给他一根燃烧的蜡烛来指引他从此以后，杰克就把蜡烛放在挖空刻好的萝卜里，并且一直留在人间吓人。爱尔兰人一开始称之为杰克的南瓜灯
14、笼(JackoftheLantern)，后来简称为杰克南瓜灯(Jack-o-lantern)。,SymbolsofHalloween,ModerndayHalloweencelebrationsusemanysymbolstohelpmaketheholidaymoreinteresting.Someoftheseinclude现代人用许多东西来庆祝万圣节，让这个节日变得更有趣。你知道是哪些东西吗？,BATS,蝙蝠是其中一项，因为蝙蝠只住在坟墓，洞穴和废弃的教堂或建筑物中，又因为蝙蝠常令人联想到女巫或吸血鬼，因此他们被视为邪恶的象征。在传说中，女巫和吸血鬼可以化身成蝙蝠，又因为吸血蝙蝠是唯一一
15、种饮血维生的哺乳类动物，因此蝙蝠常让人联想到死亡或邪恶的仪式。,Becausebatsonlyflyatnightandliveintombs,caves,andabandonedchurchesandbuildings,theyarebelievedtobeomensofevil.Theyarecommonlyassociatedwithwitchesandvampires.Itissuperstitionthatwitchesandvampirescantaketheformofabat.Sincethevampirebatistheonlymammalthatfeedsonblood,t
16、heyareoftenlinkedtodeathandoccultrituals.,WITCHES,女巫因为会算命又会下好咒语和坏咒语，人们相信女巫们的能力在10月31日这天会最强，所以让很多人很害怕她们。几世纪以来，女巫的形象改变许多，以前人们认为，女巫都是绿皮肤，长的很老，脸上布满皱纹。现在则很多人认为女巫的能力可以是邪恶或具有智慧的。,Witcheswerethoughttobetellersoffortuneandtocastspells,bothgoodandbad.Thisfrightenedmanybecauseitwasbelievedthatthesepowerswereth
17、estrongestonHalloweennight.Theimageofawitchhaschangedgreatlyoverthecenturies.Oncethoughttobeold,wrinkled,greenskinnedhags,manypeopleassociatewitchcrafttoeitherevilorasbeingwise.,Broomsticks,女巫和扫把形影不离已有几世纪之久，通常女巫会骑着扫把在夜晚飞行，而她们的同伴黑猫会坐在扫把的另一端陪着她们飞行会什么女巫会和扫把形影不离呢？因为在万圣节那天，通常会下着雨，而女巫们需要用扫把扫掉地上的大水坑，或地上的积水
18、以便行走。,Witchesandbroomsticksgohandinhand.Theyhavebeenassociatedforcenturies.Often,witchesaredepictedridingthemacrossthenightskywithablackcatononeend.ItisbelievedthatbecauseHalloweenoccurredduringtherainyseason,womenusedtheirbroomstickstovaultoverlargepuddlesandtosweepwateroutoftheirpathswhilewalking.
19、Thus,thetwobecameassociated.,OWLS,SuperstitionssuggestthatowlsatethesoulsofthedyingbyswoopingtoEarth.Owlsscreechesandtheirglassystareareanomenofdeathanddisaster.Theowlisrarelyseenduringthedayandisassociatedwithnightbehaviors.传说中，猫头鹰会从天空俯冲下来吃掉人的灵魂。猫头鹰的叫声和眼神让人联想到死亡和灾难。再者，猫头鹰很少在白天出现，也都让人不得不认为他们是属于黑暗和恐怖
20、。,BLACKCATS,Cats,forcenturies,havebeenconsideredtobespiritualanimalsthathavetheabilitytosensegoodandbadspirits.Westernsuperstitionsdetailthatblackcatsareabletorepresentspiritsorincarnatedhumans,therebylinkingthemtowitchcraft.Blackisalsothecolormostcommonlyassociatedwithevil.从几世纪前，人们就认为猫是一种有灵性的动物，它们能
21、感应到好或坏的灵魂。西方的传说里，有一种说法，黑猫是灵魂的化身。此外，黑色也是邪恶象征。,Ghosts&Skeletons,Ghostsareuniversalsymbolsforthedeparted.Skeletonsandbonesaresymbolsofdeathandshortnessoflife.SinceHalloweensoriginslieasthefestivalofthedead,itseemsonlyfittingthatghostsandskeletonswouldbeused.,鬼魂是公认的死亡象征骷髅象征死亡和短暂的生命。既然万圣节一开始就是一个鬼节，当然鬼魂和骷
22、髅就理所当然成了万圣节必见的东西。,Spiders&Webs,Whilemanyculturesfeelthatthespiderandwebrepresenttheweavingoflife,inreferencetoHalloween,theyrepresentdark,spookyplacesandhauntedhouseslongforgotten.很多文化都视蜘蛛和蜘蛛网为编织生命的象征，但在万圣节，他们却象征着黑暗，恐怖的地方或长久被遗忘的鬼屋。,OtherSymbols,OthersymbolsrelatedtoHalloweenincludethecolorsblackando
23、range,scarecrows,themoon,vampires,werewolves,andthewearingofmasks.其它还包括了黑色和橘色，乌鸦，月亮，吸血鬼，狼人和面具。,MasqueradeParties(化妆舞会),DressinginmasksandcostumesisapopularHalloweenactivity.Costumescanbetraditionalandscary,suchasawitchspointyhatandblackgown.Costumesmayalsohaveamodernflavor.Manychildrendressupasmovie
24、charactersorafavoritesuperhero.,DressingupincostumesisoneofthemostpopularHalloweencustoms,especiallyamongchildren.Accordingtotradition,peoplewoulddressupincostumes(wearspecialclothing,masksordisguises)tofrightenthespiritsaway.,Festivalprocession,formerpeopledressuplikeallkindsofmonstersbutnowpeoplei
25、nadditiontodressupaszombies,witches,vampire,ghostsormedusaclassicmonsteroutside,manypeoplepursueinnovationstilldressuplikeAoTeMan,spider-man,orvariousothercartoonimage.节日游行时，以前的人们会把自己打扮成各种各样的怪物但是现在的人们除了打扮成僵尸、巫婆、吸血鬼、幽灵或美杜莎等经典的怪物外，有许多人追求创新还会把自己打扮成奥特曼，蜘蛛侠等或是其他各种动漫形象。,masqueradeparties(化妆舞会),Paintfaces,
26、wearspecialcostumeswithmasks,Trick-or-treat,Giveussomethingsweettoeatorwewilltrick!_,Onceincostume,childrengofromhousetohousesaying“Trickortreat!”Inthepast,childrenmightplaya“trick”onpeoplewhodidnotgivetreats.Theymightpelt(扔；掷)houseswitheggsoroldtomatoes,orplayotherpranks(恶作剧).Today,childrenscriesof
27、“Trickortreat!”areusuallyrewardedwithcandy.(不请客就捣乱/不给糖吃就捣乱),TrickorTreat,Trick-or-treating,不给糖就捣蛋的游戏起源于要灵魂饼干的习俗，所谓的灵魂饼干就是将烤好的饼干祭祀过世的人。后来，基督教会鼓励贫穷的人在收获的季节里挨家挨户地乞求食物，若是得到食物，这些穷人就会帮这家庭中过世的人祈祷以谢谢他们。,Themoderndaycustomoftrick-or-treatingoriginatedfromtheveryoldcustomof“Going-a-souling”orbeggingforsoulcak
28、es.Soulcakeswerebakedgoodsofferedtosoulsofthedeparted.TheChristianChurchencouragedthepracticeoftheneedygoingfromhometohomegatheringfood(Going-a-souling)atHarvesttime.Prayersfortherecentlydeceasedfromtheneedywereexchangedwiththegivingfamily.,ThosenotofferinggoodswereusuallypunishedwithatrickonHallowe
29、ennightorhexedwithmisfortuneforthenextyear.Theterm“trick-or-treat”isthoughttohavefirstoriginatedinBritainwhereHalloweenwasknownas“MischiefNight”andthepracticeof“going-a-souling”wascommon.,而穷人们对那些吝啬不给食物的人通常会以恶作剧来惩罚他们，或是诅咒他们下一年都会厄运缠身。大部分人都认为不给糖就捣蛋是起源于恶作剧之夜和要灵魂饼干(going-a-souling)的习俗。,ScaryStories,NoHal
30、loweenpartyiscompletewithoutatleastonescarystory.Usuallyonepersontalksinalowvoicewhileeveryoneelsecrowdstogetheronthefloororaroundafire.ThefollowingisaretellingofataletoldinBritainandinNorthCarolinaandVirginia.,WhatDoYouComeFor?Therewasanoldwomanwholivedallbyherself,andshewasverylonely.Sittinginthek
31、itchenonenight,shesaid,Oh,IwishIhadsomecompany.Nosoonerhadshespokenthandownthechimneytumbledtwofeetfromwhichthefleshhadrotted.Theoldwomanseyesbulgedwithterror.Thentwolegsdroppedtothehearthandattachedthemselvestothefeet.Thenabodytumbleddown,thentwoarms,andamanshead.Astheoldwomanwatched,thepartscameto
32、getherintoagreat,tallman.Themandancedaroundandaroundtheroom.Fasterandfasterhewent.Thenhestopped,andhelookedintohereyes.Whatdoyoucomefor?Sheaskedinasmallvoicethatshiveredandshook.WhatdoIcomefor?hesaid.IcomeforYOU!Thenarratorshoutsandjumpsatthepersonnearhim!,Halloween,Terriblefood,Itsainterestingholiday.Doyouthinkso?,