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1、常用词汇、词组辨析 本部分将常用易混词和词组归纳为127例，进行详细的辨析，并举例说明，以便于考生掌握使用。以下这些词大部分出现在大纲词表上，考生应在学习中特别注意加以区分。 （1）abroad adv. /aboard adv. /board n.&v. 前两个词是副词，词形相近，容易记混。这两个词的意思差异很大。abroad意为“在国外”；而aboard的意思是“登（机），上（车船等）”，与动词go搭配来表示登机等；最后一个词board常用来表示“登机，上船”，是动词。例：I have decided to study abroad next year. 我已决定明年去国外读书。It is
2、 time to go aboard. 现在该登机了。We are asked to board half an hour before departure time. 起飞前半小时之内，我们必须登机。（2）absorb v. /concentrate v. absorb原义为“吸收”，引申词义为“吸引（注意力，精力等）”，常用于be absorbed in sth. 表示“被吸引住，专注于”；concentrate的意思是“集中精神，全神贯注，聚精会神”，多与on或upon连用。例：The picture absorbed my attention. 我被这幅画迷住了。He found hi
3、s brother absorbed in the watching of the match. 他发现弟弟在聚精会神地看比赛。She tried to concentrate on her work in the university. 她试图专心致志地在大学里工作。（3）accomplish vt. /complete vt.&a. /achieve vt. accomplish的词义是“成功地完成每项任务”，尤其指经过一定努力后完成；complete主要指“全部完成了，没有剩下”，另外complete也是形容词，意为“完整的，完全的”；achieve与accomplish相近，指“经过努
4、力最终达到预期的目标”。例：I knew that I had accomplished something during my first year in Beijing. 我知道在北京的第一年我已经取得了一些成就。I have just completed the revision of this report. 我刚刚完成对报告的修订。He went to London without having achieved any success. 他一事无成便去了伦敦。（4）accurate a. /correct a. /exact a. accurate的意思是“精确的，准确的”；cor
5、rect的意思是“正确的，没有错误的”；exact的意思是“确切的，正好的”。例：I need an accurate figure on what we have lost in the battle. 我需要有关战事损失的准确数字。This is not the correct answer to that question. 这不是那个问题的正确答案。These are the exact tools those people used several thousand years ago. 这些人几千年前用的就是这种工具。（5）acquire v. /require v. /inqui
6、re v. 这几个词词形、发音相近，容易记混。acquire的意思是“经过自己的努力获得，习得”；require的意思是“要求”；inquire的意思是“调查，询问，打听”。例：She has acquired a new set of interests. 她现在又有了一些新的爱好。The rules require us all to be present. 按规定我们都要出席。Why dont you inquire by telephone?你为什么不打电话询问一下呢？（6）actual a. /genuine a. /original a. /real a. /practical a
7、. actual指“实际上”、“事实上”存在或发生的事情，或人所共知的客观事实；genuine指与真实情况“一模一样”，“名符其实”，“真心的”；original指信息或消息等“原原本本”的情况，见解等“独到而非抄袭别人”；real指“真实存在的，不是假的或捏造的；practical指从实践、实用角度讲“实事求是的，可行的，有实际经验的”。例：The actual cost of repairs was a lot less than we had expected.实际的修理费用比我们预期的要低得多。This ring is genuine gold. 这枚戒指是真金的。This is an
8、 original play, not an adaptation.这是一本原创剧本，不是改编而成的。He is just a recent graduate experiencing the real world for the first time.他只是一个刚毕业首次体验现实世界的毕业生。This kind of product is worthless for all practical purposes.这种产品毫无实用价值。（7）adapt v. /adopt v. 这两个词拼写只差一个字母，非常容易记混。adapt的意思是“改编，改作用，适应”；adopt是“收养，采用，采纳”。
9、例：I suggest that he should adapt himself to new conditions. 我建议他要适应新的环境。This play has been skillfully adapted from the original novel. 改编者很熟练地将原小说改编成一部戏剧。We can adapt this old house for use as a garage. 我们可以将这座旧房改造成一个车库。Her mother had adopted a disapproving attitude. 她母亲采取了不赞成的态度。They have decided t
10、o adopt me as their own daughter. 他们已决定收养我做女儿。（8）adequate a. /sufficient a. adequate常用来表示“充足的，完备的，完善的，胜任的”；sufficient则表示“在数量上是足够的，多的”。在表示充足的含义上前者更强调足够用来做某事，而后者则表示多，不缺乏。例：His wages are adequate to support these people。他的收入足以养活这些人。Two pounds of orange will be sufficient for the party，dont buy more. 两磅
11、柑桔就够聚会用的了，不必再多买了。（9）administration n. /management n. 这两个名词都是与管理有关的名词。administration的主要含义是“行政管理，政府等”，而management比前者的含义广，它可以指“包括企业管理在内的各种管理，经营”，也可以指“行政管理”。例：An executive should be experienced in administration. 一个管理者应有行政管理的经验。Nothing was done by the last administration. 上届政府什么事也没干。The management of th
12、e business has been done very well. 这个企业管理得很好。She is going to report the whole thing to the management. 她将向领导做全面汇报。（10）admit v. /allow v. /permit v. /approve v. 这几个词都有“同意，批准，允许”的意思，要注意区别运用。admit的意思是“同意进入，允许进入”（常与to连用）；allow泛指“一般的同意，允许”；permit常用来表示“上下级之间的允许，批准”；approve的主要意思是“批准（条文，协议等），赞同”（常与of连用）。例：
13、This ticket will admit two to the opening ceremony of the exhibition. 这张展览会开幕式的入场券可允许两人入场。His mother didnt allow him to watch TV before he finished his homework. 不做完作业，他母亲不许他看电视。This state permits the sale of alcoholic beverages. 本州允许销售酒精类饮料。Do you think my father would permit this?你认为我父亲会同意这样做吗？Con
14、gress approved the budget. 国会批准了该预算。I do not approve at all of his moral character. 我根本不赞同他的道德品格。（11）advantage n. /merit n. /virtue n. advantage的主要意思是“优势，好处”，为可数名词，常用于短语take advantage of sth.；merit的主要意思是“优点，长处，好处，可取之处”，是可数名词，也是不可数名词；virtue的主要意思是“美德，品德，优点”，主要从事物的品质或价值的角度讲优点。例：I said we could see cert
15、ain advantages in a change. 我是说我们可以在改变中看到其优势。He knew the merit of his work. 他了解他的工作的优点。One of his virtues is that he never gets angry. 他的美德之一就是他从不生气。（12）affair n. /event n. /incident n. affair的意思是“有关的事，事务，活动等”，如foreign affairs（外事），也常指婚外恋；event指“每日里发生的事件，事或活动，比赛项目”；incident同event意思相近，指“事件，事”，尤指较重大的、有
16、影响的政治事件等。例：They have no right to interfere in the domestic affairs of Iran. 他们无权干涉伊朗的内政。The affair remained a complete mystery. 那件事至今还是个谜。The important event of the week was the big storm. 那一周中的大事就是那场大暴风雪。Coming events in the village include a dance-show and a treat for the school children. 村里即将发生的大
17、事，就是招待学校的孩子们和舞蹈表演。Our team won the silver medal in this event. 我们队获得该项目的银牌。On the very day before I left, an incident occurred.事件就发生在我要离开的当天。There were several incidents on the frontier between the two nations in the 50s. 50年代两国边境发生了许多大事。（13）afford v. /offer v. /provide v. afford的意思是“有条件担负，支付得起”；off
18、er的意思是“给予，提出，出价”；provide的意思是“提供，供给，为做准备”，常与for, with一起连用。例：John cant afford to give so much time to it. 约翰花不起这么多时间来做这件事。I dont think well be able to afford any travel any more. 我想我们没钱再旅行了。They were friendly and even offered assistance. 他们很友好，甚至表示愿意帮助我们。Mrs. Baines offered no comment on Susans situat
19、ion. 贝恩太太对苏珊的处境未做任何评论。On Sundays his landlord provided dinner as well as breakfast. 周日，他的房东为他既提供早餐又提供晚餐。He provided for his family by working in a factory。他靠在工厂做工来养家。We must provide for the future. 我们必须为将来做好准备。（14）alarm n.&v. /warn n.&v. alarm的意思是“提醒，警告”，有使警觉，使做好准备的意思；warn的意思主要指“警告，告诫”，有事先告诉可能发生的事，警
20、告说的意思。例：There were several alarms during the night but no actual air raid actually took place. 当夜，空袭警报拉响了数次，但并没有飞机来袭。He warned us that the road was icy. 他警告我们说道路很滑。（15）alike a.&adv. / identical a. 这两个词都有长得一样，长得像的意思。alike是副词也是形容词，只做表语用；identical是形容词，意思是“同一个，完全相同”，除了作表语，也可以在名词前做定语，可用于词组be identical wi
21、th。例：My brother and I are exactly alike. 我兄弟和我长得一模一样。Its the identical coat which was stolen from my wife. 这就是我妻子丢失的那件上衣。Your pen is identical with mine. 你这支钢笔和我那支完全一样。（16）area n. /region n. /zone n. /district n. area通常用于面积可测量或计算的地区，界限明确，但不指行政区划。如：60 years ago, half French people were still living i
22、n the rural area. region常指地理上有天然界限或具有某种特色（如气候、自然条件）自成一个单位的地区。如：the Arctic regions北极地区。另外region也指较大的行政单位。如：Xinjiang Autonomous Region. zone通常指地理上的“（地）带”，尤指图表上的环形地带。如：refugees from the war zone从战争地区来的难民。district指行政划分的区，比region小，通常指市镇内的一区。如：Hai dian district海淀区（17）alive a. /live a. /vivid a. /lively a.
23、 alive指“活着的，处于工作状态的”的意思，和dead反义，常作表语。live指“有生命的”，即having life，“正处于工作状态”的意思。vivid指人的表情、故事等“生动”、“逼真”、“活泼”等。lively指人及生物等充满生机和活力，即“活泼的”、“充满生气的”。（18）affect v. /influence v. 这两个词都有“影响”的意思。1）affect vt. 作“影响”讲时可分三种情况： 直接的、有形的力量作用于某事物或事件并使之发生变化。例：They try to affect the size of a crop by using fertilizer. 他们施
24、肥料以使庄稼长大。 用于表示对某事物或事产生不好的影响。例：Exposure to intense light affects ones eyes adversely. 暴露在强光之下会损害眼睛。 指对另外一个人感情上的影响，感染，感动。例：Music affects some people very strongly. 音乐对一些人有强烈的感染力。He was much affected at the sad sight. 他深为这一悲伤的情景所感动。2）influence通常指“不易觉察到的、潜移默化的影响”，往往是间接的，通过说服或以实际行动树立榜样而对他人产生影响。例：He was i
25、nfluenced by a middle school teacher to take up the study of medicine. 他受到一位中学教师的影响而学了医。（19）allowance n. /tuition n. allowance 的意思是“生活费，补贴”；tuition的意思是“学费”。例：They gave her a small allowance but didnt pretend to like her work. 他们给她一小笔生活费，但对她的工作却不甚满意。At this school the tuition is free，but you have to
26、pay for the books you need. 这所学校免收学费，但书费要你自己负担。（20）amaze v. /amuse v. 这两个词词形相近，容易混。amaze的意思是“使惊愕，使惊讶”；amuse的意思是“使开心，使高兴”。这两个词用于被动式时，后而都接介词at (be amazed/amused at sth.)。例：She was amazed at the mans sympathy with life. 这个男人对生命的同情态度让她感到很惊讶。A clowns job is to amuse the spectators. 马戏团小丑的工作就是逗观众开心。（21）an
27、nounce v. /declare v. /claim v. announce的意思是“通知，宣布（结果，决定等）”；declare的意思是“宣布（公告，法律等），声明”；claim意为“声称，要求得到，认领”。例：She announced that the singer would give one extra song. 她宣布歌手将再加唱一首歌。The United States and China had declared their normalization of diplomatic relations. 中美双方宣布了双边外交关系的正常化。They declared mar
28、tial law in the mining communities. 他们宣布对矿区实行军事管制。If anybody owns this camera, will he or she please come forward and claim it?请这部相机的失主前来认领。She claims to be as good a pianist as Themelis!她声称自己的钢琴弹得与Themelis一样棒。（22）annoyed a. /upset a. annoyed的意思是“不快的，恼火的”（比angry的程度要低），从生气的角度讲不高兴；upset的意思是“不高兴，难过，不舒服
29、”，从感到别扭的角度讲不高兴。例：She was annoyed at your saying that. 你这么说让她很不自在。Ill be quite upset now, if you dont come. 如果你不来，我会很不安的。（23）apparatus n. /instrument n. /device n. /appliance n. apparatus主要指“器械，装置，仪器，器官”；instrument主要指“仪器，工具，乐器”；device指“器具，装置，仪表，手段”；appliance指“器具，器械，家用电器等”。例：The television men set up
30、their apparatus, ready to film. 摄制组的人架好机器准备开拍。All surgical instruments must be sterilized before use. 手术前，所有手术器械必须消毒。The television receiver is an electronic device. 电视接收机是一种电子设备。The kitchen is equipped with modern appliances. 厨房装备了现代化的炊事用具。（24）appoint v. /assign v. appoint的意思是“任命，指派，委任”，后多跟职位一类的名词；
31、assign的相关意思是“分配，分派，指定”，后多跟具体的工作。例：They appointed him Minister of Education. 他们任命他为教育部长。She was appointed to the Chairmanship of the Committee. 她被任命为委员会的主席。The problem was assigned to a commission. 这项任务交给了一个特别委员会去处理。I assign you to wash the dishes. 我分配你去洗盘子。（25）approach n. /method n. 这两个词都可以表示方法。appr
32、oach常指“针对某一问题的解决处理方法”，后跟介词to；method泛指“任何方法”，适用范围比approach要广，后常跟介词of。例：There is no very easy approach to mathematics. 数学研究上没有什么捷径。It is surprising that they should choose this method of passing the evening. 很奇怪，他们怎么会选择这种方式来打发这个晚上。（26）approve v. /permit v. /admit v. approve指较正式地对某种事情表示认可、赞同或批准；permit指
33、允许、不禁止某人干某事；admit指容纳，允许进入，承认。例：The mayoress approved the new building plans.女市长批准了新建筑计划。She wont permit dogs in the house. 她不准许家中有狗。He was admitted to the commission. 他被该委员会接纳。（27）arise v. /arouse v. arise是不及物动词，意为“发生，产生，出现”；arouse是及物动词，意为“引起，激起，唤起”。例：A democratic movement has arisen. 一场民主运动应运而生。We
34、aroused him from his deep sleep. 我们把他从睡梦中唤醒。（28）assemble v. /resemble v. 这两个词词形与发音相近，assemble意为“集中，集合，装配”；resemble意为“相像”。例：People began to assemble on the platform. 人们开始向月台聚集。In that factory they can assemble a car in less than 15 minutes. 在那家工厂，工人们不到15分种就装配好一部汽车。Smith resembles his father very much
35、 in all his ways. 史密斯各方面都象他的父亲。（29）assure v. /ensure v. /insure v. /reassure v. assure和ensure都有“保证，确保”之意。assure指十分肯定地向某人保证某事一定要发生，使其放心，因此后面往往跟人做宾语。ensure则强调能保证某种行为或某事件的结果一定发生。insure特指保险，替做保险；reassure意为“使人放心，使人安心，再向保证”。例：I assure you of the reliability of the information. 我可以向你保证这消息是可靠的。Ensure that i
36、t is written into your contract. 你得保证把这一点写到合同中去。Is your house insured against fire?你的房子做了防火保险了吗？ The woman was worried about the dangers of taking aspirins, but her doctor reassured her. 这名妇女担心服用阿司匹林会带来危险，她的医生让她放心，不会有危险的。（30）assess v. /access n. 这两个词词形与发音很相近，容易搞混。assess是动词，意为“评估，估价”；access是名词，意为“通路，
37、能接近或使用”，后常跟介词to。例：The value of the property has been assessed at $70,000. 这处房产的估价为7万美元。They sent someone to assess the value of the factory. 他们派人去评估那家工厂的价值。The only access to the building is along the muddy track. 通往那座建筑物的惟一通道就是这条泥泞的小路。Only senior students have the access to this reading room. 只有高年级
38、的同学才能进这间阅览室。（31）attach v. /stick v. attach的主要意思是“附加，附着”，强调附加；stick的主要意思是“粘贴，贴附于，紧贴着，固定”，强调紧密。例：Wires are then attached to the ends of the electrodes. 然后将导线接到电极的一端。There was a nice little present for everyone, with a suitable poem attached. 每人都有一份礼物，每份礼物都附有一首得体的小诗。Just stick 2 stamps on the envelope.
39、 在信封上贴上两张邮票。He stuck a rose in his buttonhole. 他在扣眼里插了一枝玫瑰。（32）attribute to/owe to/due toattribute to意为“归因于，认为是的结果”；owe to意为“应归功于”；due to意为“由于，因造成，归功于”，常用作表语或状语。例：Mr. Dolittle attributes his good health to careful living. 杜德先生把自己的健康体魄归功于审慎的生活方式。If I have improved in any way, I owe it all to you. 如果我
40、有所进步的话，那应该归功于你。His absence was due to the storm. 由于风暴他未能出席。He failed due to carelessness. 他的粗心导致了他的失败。（33）wake v. /awake v.&a. /waken v. /awaken v. wake为动词，意思是“叫醒，醒来，唤醒”；awake意为“醒来，叫醒”，作形容词时意为“醒着”；waken是动词，意为“叫醒，闹醒”；awaken是动词，意为“叫醒”，多用于引申意义“觉醒，引起”。这四个词中最常用的是wake，尤其在口语中；awake和awaken多用其引申意义；awake常用作不及
41、物动词；awaken/waken多用作及物动词。例：My brother wakes at seven each morning. 我弟弟每天早上7点钟醒来。This at once awakened suspicion. 这马上引起了大家的怀疑。When he awoke Joseph was beside him.当他醒来时，约瑟夫就在他身边。The national spirit awoke. 民族精神觉醒了。She gently wakened the sleeping child. 她轻轻地叫醒熟睡的孩子。（34）award v.&n. /prize v.&n. award作动词意为
42、“发给奖品等”，作名词意为“奖品，奖金等”；prize作动词意为“珍视”，作名词意为“奖品，奖金”，也可以指“宝贵的物或人”，prize还可以作形容词，意为“获奖的”。例：The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an award. 奥林匹克冠军获得了金牌的奖励。They awarded him the Nobel prize. 他们为他颁发诺贝尔奖。Prizes will be given for the three best stories. 三部最佳作品将获奖。Jane soon became popular for a prize rose
43、. 简因那枝获奖玫瑰而远近闻名。As a secretary she was a prize. 她真是一个不可多得的秘书。（35）aware a. /notice v.&n. aware意为“意识到的，认识到的”，常用词组be aware of；notice意为“注意到，察觉到”，notice还可以作名词，意为“通知，注意”。例：She was not aware of his presence till he spoke to her. 直到他跟她讲话她才注意到他的存在。She is politically aware. 她很有政治头脑。Did you notice anything els
44、e peculiar?你有没有注意到任何特别的东西？They sent me a notice. 他们给我发了一个通知。（36）behave v. /conduct v. /act v. behave指人的行为、举止和表现。本为不及物动词，但用作此义时可与反身代词连用；conduct与behave在作“行为”、“举止”讲时同义，但强调自我控制、约束；act作“行为”、“举止”讲时，为不及物动词，不能和反身代词连用。例：The child behaved (himself)badly at the party.那孩子在聚会上的表现很差。She conducted herself stoicall
45、y in her time of grief.她悲伤时，表现出奇的冷静。She acts like a born leader.她的举止象个天生的领导。（37）blame v. /scold v. blame的意思是“责备，怪罪，埋怨”；scold的意思是“（厉声）责骂，斥责”。例：I dont blame you, I blame myself. 我不怪你，我怪我自己。He blamed his failure on his teacher. 他把自己的失败归咎于他的老师。Her father scolded her for being too free with the soldiers.
46、 她父亲斥责她与这些兵交往太随便。（38）breed v. /feed v. breed意为“养殖，培育，繁殖，教养”；feed意为“喂养，饲养”。例：Some animals will not breed when kept in cages. 有些动物关在笼子里就会很难繁殖。Many farmers breed cows and sheep. 许多农民养牛和羊。She was feeding the baby with porridge. 她正用粥喂自己的宝宝。The cows were feeding quietly in the meadows. 牛群在草地上静静地吃草。（39）bur
47、den n. /load n. burden意为“负担，包袱，担子”，多为贬义；load意为“装载物，负荷，工作量”，也可指“思想上的负担，压力”。例：They dont want to add to the governments burden. 他们不想给政府添包袱。He was faced with the severe financial burden. 他面临着严重的财政负担。The bridge has been built to support very heavy load. 建这座桥是为了使重载车也能通过。The load on her mind grew lighter. 她的思想负担轻了许多。（40）campaign n. /champion n. 这两个词词形与发音相近，容易弄混。campaign意为“（竞选）运动，战役”；champion意为“冠军”。例：The Germans were defeated in the campaign in