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1、阅读技巧阅读技巧- -细节理解题、词义猜测题细节理解题、词义猜测题细节理解题细节理解题1.题型特点这类题在阅读理解中所占比例较大。它常常针对文章中的事实和细节进行提问 ,即针对(w)h-问题,如用when,where,why,how,who,which,what 等进行提问,目的在于测试学生对说明文章中心思想的支撑事实和细节的理解能力。2.细节理解题主要的设问方式Which of the following is true/not true?Which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned in the passage?Which of the
2、 following statements is true according to this passage?Which of the following best describes.?Which of the following shows/gives the right relationship /position of.?When/Where/Why/Who/What/How.?3.细节理解题的解题技巧所谓“事实细节”,是指在阅读理解的短文中客观存在的事实。细节理解题的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。一般来说,应在短文中找出相关信息的位置,确定试题测试的考点。 当然,有的试题还得对原文所
3、提供的事实进行一定的分析比较,才能做出正确的选择。(1)搜寻直接答案的阅读技巧先阅读所给的问题,判断其是否适合采用直接搜寻的阅读方法。 如果所提问题是文章中出现的内容(即直接性答案),就可直接搜寻答案。(2)搜寻间接答案的阅读技巧阅读文章所给的问题,判断哪些题目可以依靠通读来解决。比如概括文章主题 ,给无标题文章选标题,指出作者的观点、意图等的题目就需要依靠通读来解决。用较短的时间大体上浏览一下阅读材料,注意文章有可能涉及什么内容,属于什么体裁,以及文章安排的大体轮廓等。从头到尾阅读一遍。一般来说,第一段或前几句包含作者的基本思想和下文的发展线索,它是全文展开的基础,为下文发展搭建了理论框架。
4、 认真阅读第一段或文章的前几句,尽量抓住其中的主要情节和论点,把握全文发展的脉络。1有些细节题容易出错主要有几种情况:a.干扰项多。类似的内容多而杂,需要从中找出准确答案。例如:短文同时出现多个朋友,过去现在的十几种爱好,细节题考某人过去的爱好,需要在多而杂的内容中,带上问题,逐一去寻找,比对,找到正确选项。b.迷惑性强。例:文中出现总金牌数,问题问的是奥运金牌数,粗心的考生易错选总金牌数。这类题要看清关键信息。词义猜测题词义猜测题题型特点这类题型旨在考查学生利用上下文对词、词组以及句子的辨别能力。利用上下文猜测词义是阅读理解的基本技巧之一,也是我们学习词汇的主要方法。 在阅读过程中,有些同学
5、一遇到生僻词语就查词典,这是不可取的。一遇到生僻词语就查阅词典不但会使我们养成依赖词典的习惯,而且还会影响阅读速度。我们阅读汉语文章时遇到不认识的词语是否都查词典呢?答案是否定的。 可是我们是如何理解它们的呢?利用上下文提示猜测词义就是诀窍。词义猜测题的类型主要有三种:熟词新义要求学生在某一特定的语言环境中推断某一多义词的正确意思;生词释义要求学生根据范围较小的上下文推断出词义;难句释义要求学生根据范围稍大的上下文推断句意。2.词义猜测题主要的设问方式Whats the meaning of the underlined word/phrase.in Chinese?The underline
6、d word.refers to/probably means.The underlined word.could be replaced by.What is the meaning of.Which of the following words can take the place of the word.?3.词义猜测题的解题技巧(1)(1)通过因果关系猜测词义通过因果关系猜测词义通过因果关系猜词,首先是找出生词所在部分与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词义。有时文章借助关联词(如 because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,th
7、erefore等)表示因果关系。例 You shouldnt have blamed him for that,for it wasnt his fault.解析通过 for 引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出 blame 的词义是“责备”。(2)(2)通过同义词和同义关系猜测词义通过同义词和同义关系猜测词义在文章中,有时作者为避免重复,或为了表达同一事物的不同种类,使用同义词或近义词。在这种情况下,我们就可以利用同义词、近义词的关系由熟悉的词语推测不熟悉词语的含义。2通过同义词猜词,一是要看由 and 或 or 连接的同义词词组,如 happy and gay,即使我们不认识 g
8、ay 这个词,也可以知道它是“愉快”的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。例 Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.解析此句中的Venus(金星),Mars(火星),Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一领域。(3)(3)通过反义词和反义关系猜测词义通过反义词和反义关系猜测词义有时作者为了说明相反的两件事或人 ,使用了一些反义词或表示反义关系的词语来进行对比 ,我们可以利用已知单词推测未
9、知单词的词义。通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如 but,while,however等;二是看与 not 搭配的或表示否定意义的词语。例He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.解析根据“not at all as handsome.”我们不难推测出 homely 是“不英俊,不漂亮”的意思。(4)(4)通过构词法猜测词义通过构词法猜测词义在阅读文章时,我们总会遇上一些生词,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词义,而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用。此时,如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等构词法知识,这些问题便不难解
10、决了。(5)(5)通过定义或释义关系猜测词义通过定义或释义关系猜测词义定义或解释形式多样,常由 is,that is(to say),in other words,call,mean,be considered to be,refer to,be called,beknown as,define,represent 等词汇或破折号来表示。作者为了更好地表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等进行解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例But sometimes,no rain falls
11、 for a long,long time.Then there is a dry period,or drought.解析从 drought 所在的句子我们得知很久不下雨 ,于是便有一段干旱的时期 ,即 drought,由此可见drought 的意思是“久旱,旱灾”。而 a dry period 和 drought 是同义词。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,inother words,be called 或破折号等来表示。(6)(6)通过举例来猜测词义通过举例来猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconu
12、ts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.解析pineapples 和 coconuts 是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大概的意思。 从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。3(7)(7)通过描述猜测词义通过描述猜测词义描述即作者为帮助读者更深刻更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的描写。例The penguin is a kind of seabird living in the Sout
13、h Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although itcannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.解析从例句的描述中可以得知 penguin 是一种生活在南极的鸟类,即企鹅。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。(8)根据上下文猜测词义有些单词并不能直接猜测出其词义,但可以根据上下文的提示猜测出其词义。例One of the things I always believe is that no matter how bad something is,you can take
14、 somethingpositive out of it.It wasnt until a few weeks after September 11 that I began to see that perhaps some good did come from thistragedy.The word“positive”in the passage probably means.A.terribleB.badC.goodD.real解析根据上文“我一直认为不管世间的事物有多么糟,你还是能发现它积极的一面。”因此答案是 C。在句子或段落中,若事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系
15、推知生词词义。例If he thinks he can invite me out,he is all wet.I dont like to be with him.The underlined phrase“all wet”means.A.drunkB.sweatingC.happyD.wrong解析根据下文“我不喜欢跟他在一起”可知,他如果认为能约我出去,那就“错了”。因此 D 是正确答案。(9)(9)根据生活常识猜测词义根据生活常识猜测词义有时,我们利用自己的生活常识,便可知道生词的含义。例A deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to
16、 ask for some nails.解析从句子意思可知他想买钉子,那么卖钉子的商店无疑是五金店。(10)(10)利用单词的发音进行推测利用单词的发音进行推测英语中有些单词来自汉语 ,与汉语的发音有些相似 ,另外也有一些单词译成汉语时采用音译 ,如:sofa(沙发),coffee(咖啡),typhoon(台风),aspirin(阿司匹林),nylon(尼龙)等。因此,利用单词的发音也是一种猜测的手段。例The Olympic Games began in the 5th century BC.One day it was revealed that Mrs Morel had cancer
17、and was beyond any help except that of morphine.解析上面这两个句子中画线的两个词,只要我们能准确发音,就能知道它们的意思分别是“奥林匹克”和4“吗啡”。真题训练真题训练一Living abroad to study can certainly be an interesting experience but is that alone a good enough reason forspending years far away from home? To make the experience truly valuable, there has
18、 to be a purpose behind thedecision to study abroad. This may be a wish to perfect language skills in a foreign language environment, or aclever move in your career development. You must also consider the costs, not just of living and studying abroad,but of applying (申请). Most universities now requi
19、re international students to pay for application.If you are sure that you want to apply to study abroad after considering these points, your next step is tochoose the right programme of studies. Research your choices and choose carefully. You must do your homeworkwell. Most universities have informa
20、tion online but you can also email and ask them to send you more details. Youcan find a lot of information on school ranking from education websites. But read carefully. Different universitiesemphasize different strengths. Dont just think about the universitys reputation ( 名声); look for the one the
21、mostsuitable for your purposes.Next, you must deal with a large pile of paperwork. This includes filling in theapplication form, preparingyour school records, and getting recommendation letters. Reading the instructions and requirements of theuniversities carefully is of great importance. Sadly, man
22、y fine applicants (申请者) get kicked out in the first round,simply because they dont follow the application procedure (程序) properly.Money is another important consideration. Some scholarships are provided by governments, and others byschools and colleges. This information, again, can be found on the I
23、nternet. If you find a scholarship that is suitablefor you, follow the application procedure carefully; the earlier you apply, the better your chance of getting it willbe.1.According to the article, studying abroad is truly valuable because.A.it is an interesting experienceB.all your friends are doi
24、ng soC.it is a good chance to develop your careerD.it is fun to travel around the world2.A school ranking list tells you.A.how much the courses cost5B.the names of all the professorsC.how good the school is compared to othersD.where the school is located3.What are the three things to do when you are
25、 applying to study in a university abroad?A.Study hard, read the instructions and requirements, and buy an airplane ticket.B.Prepare recommendation letters, prepare school records, and fill in the application form.C.Prepare school records, do paperwork, and work hard.D.Write a recommendation letter,
26、 do paperwork, and study hard.1.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中 This may be a wish to perfect language skills in a foreign languageenvironment, or a clever move in your career development. 可知出国留学是真正值得的,因为这是一个发展你事业的机会,所以 C 选项是正确的。2. 【答案】C【解析】 推理判断题。 根据第二段中 Different universities emphasize different strengths.D
27、ont just think about theuniversitys reputation可知学校排行榜告诉你某个学校与其他学校相比的好处,所以 C 选项是正确的。3. 【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中This includes filling in the application form, preparing your school records,and getting recommendation letters.可知 B 选项是正确的。二Beijing Opera is the most representative of all Chinese traditional
28、dramatic art forms and the largest Chineseopera form. Having a history of about 200 years, it is developed from absorbing( 吸收)many other dramatic forms,mostly from the local drama Huiban, which was popular in South China during the 18th century. It is a scenic(戏剧的)art integrating music, performance,
29、 literature, aria, and face painting.Theatrical art forms in many other countries do not present singing, dancing and spoken parts in one singledrama. An opera singer, for example, neither dances nor speaks on stage; there are no singing or dancing parts in a6modern play; in a dance drama, the dance
30、r has no speaking role and does not sing either. Traditional Chinese drama,including Beijing Opera, is a kind of entertainment which includes spoken parts, singing, dancing and acrobatics.In addition to its presence in China, Beijing Opera has spread to many other places. Mei Lanfang, one of themost
31、 famous performers(表演者)of all time, was the first to introduce Beijing Opera to foreigners and made highlysuccessful tours to foreign countries.“You will be puzzled(困惑的)all the way through and a little bored from time to time; but you will be charmedand interested. You will be strongly attracted to
32、Beijing Opera even if you know nothing of the dramaticbackground.”This is how one American traveller described his first experience in watching Beijing Opera.Beijing Opera is Chinas national opera and it is full of Chinese cultural traditions. Welcome to China andenjoy Beijing Opera!1.What makes Bei
33、jing Opera different from theatrical art forms in many other countries?A.It has one opera singer on stage.B.It has one dancer who has no speaking role.C.It has already spread to many other countries.D.It includes spoken parts, singing, dancing and acrobatics.2.People think Mei Lanfang played an impo
34、rtant role in the spread of Beijing Opera because.A.he made many tours to a foreign countryB.he was a famous Beijing Opera performerC.he was the first to introduce Beijing Opera to foreignersD.he made Beijing Opera different from other theatrical art forms3.From Paragraph 4 we know that the American
35、 traveller.A.felt bored all the wayB.thought highly of Beijing OperaC.found Beijing Opera interesting at firstD.knew the background of Beijing Opera4.What does the underlined word “it” mean in the passage?A.Beijing Opera.B.Local drama.C.An opera singer. D.A modern play.1.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第一句Theat
36、rical art forms in many other countries do not present singing,7dancing and spoken parts in one single drama.及最后一句 Traditional Chinese drama, including Beijing Opera, is akind of entertainment which includes spoken parts, singing, dancing and acrobatics. 可知,许多其他国家的戏剧艺术形式没有将歌唱、舞蹈和语言表演全部呈现在单一戏剧中。而中国传统
37、戏剧 ,包括京剧,是一种融合语言表演、歌唱、舞蹈和杂技的娱乐形式。由此可以推断出,这就是京剧的与众不同之处。故选D 项。2. 【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第二句Mei Lanfang, one of the most famous performers of all time, was thefirst to introduce Beijing Opera to foreigners and made highly successful tours to foreign countries. 可知,梅兰芳是历史上最著名的表演者之一,也是第一位向外国人介绍京剧的人。故选C 项。3.
38、【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段.but you will be charmed and interested. You will be strongly attracted toBeijing Opera.可知,这位美国游客对京剧的评价很高,故选 B 项。4. 【答案】A【解析】词义猜测题。根据最后一段第一句Beijing Opera is China s national opera and it is full of Chinesecultural traditions.可知,京剧是中国的民族歌剧,它充分体现着中国文化传统。 “它”指代的是“京剧”,故选 A 项。三Accordi
39、ng to a recent study, there are about 70,000 blind children in Indonesia. Among them, 60 percent werenot born blind. Iyehezkiel Parudani is one of them, who lost his eyesight by accident at age six. He now teachesEnglish to blind students at the Pajajaran Special School. Iyehezkiel Parudani says lea
40、rning English can help blindpeople feel better about themselves.“By learning English, they can be an English teacher, a translator, and a tourguide.”Students read using Braille(盲文). To write, they use special tools, too.Iyehezkiel Parudani says blind people should not let their physical disability i
41、nfluence their dreams. In 2008,he got a chance to study at the University of Texas. Two years later, he got a masters degree in course developmentthere.“In the US, if I go to the university to study, everything is availablelike e-books, Braille books. Here inIndonesia, you know, its difficult to fin
42、d a reference book in e-book or in Braille. We have to make it ourselves. Inthe US, I can move wherever I want because everything designed is really accessiblefor people with blindness.”Eha Lestari, one of his star students, says learning English has changed her life. She has already traveled to the
43、US with the help of an Indonesia- U.S. program.“I study English because I love English very much. I want to be atranslator because I want to go to the other countries and then I want to meet some people from around the world.”8Like her classmates, Eha loves to sing. Here, music is part of daily life
44、. Even the students who do not studyEnglish can sing some American pop songs, such as Stand By Me,“Stand by me. Please stand, stand by me. Standby me.”Iyehezkiel Parudani says the song has special meaning to the students.“In our life, we need other persons. Youhave to stand by me. Without you standi
45、ng by me, Im meaningless.”1.According to what Iyehezkiel says, learning English can help blind students to.A.have more chances to get jobsB.visit English-speaking countriesC.get a masters degree easilyD.read Braille books quickly2.The underlined word“accessible”in the third paragraph might mean.A.fu
46、n to useC.hard to breakB.easy to reachD.safe to choose3.From the last two paragraphs, we can infer(推断)that the students.A.sang songs side by sideC.had a meaningless lifeB.achieved their dreamsD.needed help from others4.The best title for the passage may be.A.A Blind Girl Learning EnglishB.Blind Chil
47、dren Singing SongsC.A Blind Man Teaching EnglishD.Blind Teachers Living by Me1.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。由文章第一段倒数第三句可知Iyehezkiel 教那些盲人学会英语可以帮助他们找到不同的工作。2. 【答案】B【解析】词义猜测题。根据句意“在美国,我可以移动到我想要去的任何地方,因为设计的一切东西对于盲人来说都是很容易够得到的”可知。3. 【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“在我们的生活中,我们需要其他人”可知。4. 【答案】C9【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知,本文是围绕一位教盲人英语的盲人男
48、教师展开的。四In our daily life, robots are often found to do work that is too dangerous, boring, difficult, or dirty. And weoften see kids play with toy robots.But what exactly is a robot?There are some important characteristics(特征)that a robot must have. Thesecharacteristics might help you to decide what
49、 is and what is not a robot. It will also help you to decide what youwill need to build into a machine before it can be considered as a robot. A robot has these important characteristics:Sensing First of all, your robot would have to be able to sense the environment around it. Giveyour robotsensors(
50、传感器):light sensors(eyes), touch sensors(hands), chemical sensors(nose), hearing sensors(ears)and tastesensors(tongue).Movement A robot needs to be able to move around its environment. It can move on wheels, walk on legs orbe driven by small engines(发动机). A robot can move either the whole body or jus