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1、2022河南大学英语考试考前冲刺卷（4）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Like land, labor is means of production. In non-industrial societies, access to both land and labor comes through social links such as kinship, marriage, and descent. Mutual aid in production is merely on
2、e aspect of ongoing social relationships that are expressed on many other occasions. Non-industrial societies contrast with industrial nations in regard to another means of production technology. In bands and tribes manufacturing is often linked to age and gender. Women may weave and men make potter
3、y or vice versa. Most people of a particular age and gender share the technical knowledge associated with that age and gender. If married women customarily make baskets, most married women know how to make baskets. Neither technology nor technical knowledge is as specialized as it is in states. Howe
4、ver, some tribal societies do promote specialization. Among the Yanomani of Benezuela and Brazil, for instance, certain villages manufacture clay pots and others make hammocks. They dont specialize, as one might suppose, because certain raw materials happen to be available near particular village. C
5、lay suitable for pots is widely available. Everyone knows how to make pots, but not everybody does so. Craft specialization reflects the social and political environment rather than the natural environment. Such specialization promotes trade, which is the first step in creating an alliance with enem
6、y village. Specialization contributes to keeping the peace, although it has not prevented intervillage warfare. Among the Trobriand Islanders of the South Pacific, Malinowski found that only two out of several villages manufactured certain ceremonial items that were important in a regional exchange
7、network called the kula ring. As among the Yanomani, this specialization was unrelated to the location of raw materials. We dont know why this specialization began, but we do know that it persisted within the kula ring, which allied several communities and islands in a common trade network.In non-in
8、dustrial societies, how do people obtain the means of productionABy land and labor.BThrough social links.CBy mutual aid.DBy many other occasions. 2.Today, the world wide web can be used both to (31) information and to make it (32) to others. Information (33) on webpages is viewed (34) means of brows
9、er. The sources of information linked in this way can be located on any computer (35) is also part of the web. Each information source (36) to an indefinite number of other webpages. Hypertext and hyperlinks allow users acting as receivers of information to (37) from one source of information to (38
10、) , (39) for themselves which information they wish to (40) to their browser and which links they want to (41) . The addresses of webpages can be found by using the many hundreds of general and specialized search engines which provide (42) to databases which hold information on them. Once a webpage
11、has been found, hyperlinks may point (43) other places of interest on the web. Addresses of webpages also (44) in other more conventional media, such as magazines, newspapers and television programs, and on posters. Webpages, in their (45) , facilitate access to information made available by other (
12、46) of media, for example, collections held in libraries or programs broadcast on television. Most webpages offer interactive opportunities which go (47) merely allowing visitors freedom as to when and how they visit a page and where they might choose to go next. Feedback can be kept formal via a qu
13、estionnaire which can be filled (48) , or (49) by providing an address for e-mail or even by installing a digital guest book for comments left for other users to read. Although all webpages are protected (50) unauthorized visitors cannot make unsolicited changes to them, it is also possible to limit
14、 access to pages on the Internet to those holding a password.AinBforCbyDwith 3.The most effective attacks against globalization are usually not those related to economies. Instead, they are social, ethical and, above all, cultural. These arguments surfaced amid the protests in Seattle in 1999 and mo
15、re recently in Davos, Bangkok and Prague. They say this: the disappearance of national borders and the establishment of a world interconnected by markets will deal a death blow to regional and national cultures, and to the traditions, customs, myths and mores that determine each countrys or regions
16、cultural identity. Since most of the world is incapable of resisting the invasion of cultural products from developed countries that inevitably trails the great transnational corporations, North American culture will ultimately impose itself, standardizing the world and annihilating its richness of
17、diverse cultures. In this manner, all other peoples, and not just the small and weak ones, will lose their identity, their soul, and will become no more than 21st-eentury colonies modeled after the cultural norms of a new imperialism that, in addition to ruling over the planet with its capital, mili
18、tary might and scientific knowledge, will impose on others its language and its ways of thinking, believing, enjoying and dreaming. Even though I believe this cultural argument against globalization is unacceptable, we should recognize that deep within it lies an unquestionable truth. This century,
19、the world in which we will live will be less picturesque and filled with less local color than the one we left behind. The festivals, attire, customs, ceremonies, rites and beliefs that in the past gave humanity its culturally and racially variety are progressively disappearing or confining themselv
20、es to minority sectors, while the bulk of society abandons them and adopts others more suited to the reality of our time. All countries of the earth experience this process, some more quickly than others, but it is not due to globalization. Rather, it is due to modernization, of which the former is
21、effect, not cause. It is possible to lament, certainly, that this process occurs, and to feel nostalgia for the past ways of life that, particularly from our comfortable vantage point of the present, seem full of amusement, originality and color. But this process is unavoidable. In theory, perhaps,
22、a country could keep this identity, but only if like certain remote tribes in Africa or the Amazon it decides to live in total isolation, cutting off all exchange with other nations and practicing self sufficiency. A cultural identity preserved in this form would take that society back to prehistori
23、c standards of living. It is true that modernization makes many forms of traditional life disappear. But at the same time, it opens opportunities and constitutes an important step forward for a society as a whole. That is why, when given the option to choose freely, peoples, sometimes counter to wha
24、t their leaders or intellectual traditionalists would like, opt for modernization without the slightest ambiguity.Which of the following statements about cultural globalization is NOT correctAIt has been taken as the most useful attack against globalization.BIt is the result of the development of gl
25、obal market.CMany countries may suffer the loss of cultural identity.DNew cultural imperialism will reduce the poor countries being the colonies of North Americ 4.Every year, 2,000 American lives are saved by the selflessness of others. These are the bone marrow donors who give the gift of life to p
26、atients fighting deadly diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and aplastic anemia. Thats the good news. The bad news is that thousands more die each year because not enough people have signed on to the registries that would help the ill find a suitable match for a transplant. Bone marrow or stem-cell
27、 transplants are usually a last resort, intended for those whose illnesses have not responded to traditional treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation. How do they work We all store a special type of cell in our bone marrow called stem cells. These primitive cells give rise to the three types of
28、blood cells: red, white and platelets. Everyones stem cells have certain genetic characteristics or markers that make them unique from others. Despite this uniqueness, there are some shared characteristics between people. This is important, because a patients immune system will reject blood or organ
29、s received from someone else if they do not share sufficient similarities. Family members, especially siblings, are always the first to be considered as donors, because theres a greater chance that the genetic markers on their cells will have enough in common to prevent rejection after transplantati
30、on. In many cases, however, a familial match cant be found and then the search begins for an unrelated donor. These donors typically come from a pool of people who have already signed up on a donor registry in the event that their cells match a needy recipient. Once the lab has verified a match betw
31、een donor and recipient, the next phase starts. The patient is given radiation or chemotherapy to kill the unhealthy cells. Healthy cells are harvested from the donor either extracted from the pelvic bones or taken from the arm in a way that is similar to having blood drawn and prepared in a laborat
32、ory. Once theyre ready, theyre given to the patient through a vein the same way as one would receive a blood transfusion. Once these transplanted donor cells get settled within the patients bone marrow, they make the healthy red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets necessary to support life.
33、 One of the major problems currently faced by transplant centers is that while bonemarrow transplants can cure more than 70 different diseases, there arent enough donors on the registry to treat the more than 3,000 patients awaiting transplants. The National Marrow Donor Program, the largest registr
34、y in the country, has approximately 4.8 million adult volunteer donors, but that isnt nearly enough for the thousands who need transplants. Why isnt a pool of more than 4 million donors isnt enough to cover 3,000 needy patients Heres the reason: in the vast-majority of cases, finding a suitable matc
35、h isnt easy. Because we are unique individuals with a variety of ancestral backgrounds and integration patterns, finding someone similar to us is a major task. In the end, it comes down to a numbers game the more potential donors listed on the registry, the greater a chance of finding a match, espec
36、ially for those with unusual genetic characteristics.The shared genetic characteristic of stem cells is important in bone marrow transplant because _.Athe same primitive cells can produce the same type of blood cellsBones immune system will reject the blood or organ of different genetic markersCones
37、 immune system will not reject the organ of the same type of blood cellsDthe uniqueness of genetic characteristics will destroy the patients immune system 5.While mother was in New Orleans, I was in the care of my grandparents. They were incredibly conscientious about me. They loved me very much; sa
38、dly, much better than they were able to love each other or, in my grandmothers case, to love my mother. Of course, I was blissfully unaware of all this at the time. I just knew that I was loved. Later, when I became interested in children growing up in hard circumstances and learned something of chi
39、ld development from Hillarys work at the Yale Child Study Center, I came to realize how fortunate I had been. For all their own demons, my grandparents and my mother always made me feel I was the most important person in the world to them. Most children will make it if they have just one person who
40、makes them feel that way. I had three. My grandmother, Edith Grisham Cassidy, stood just over five feet tall and weighed about 180 pounds. Mammaw was bright, intense, and aggressive, and had obviously been pretty once. She had a great laugh, but she also was full of anger and disappointment and obse
41、ssions she only dimly understood. She took it all out in raging tirades against my grandfather and my mother, both before and after I was born, though I was shielded from most of them. She had been a good student and ambitious, so after high school she took a correspondence course in nursing from th
42、e Chicago School of Nursing. By the time I was a toddler she was a private-duty nurse for a man not far from our house on Hervey Street. I can still remember running down the sidewalk to meet her when she came home from work. Mammaws main goals for me were that I would eat a lot, learn a lot, and al
43、ways be neat and clean. We ate in the kitchen at a table next to the window. My high chair faced the window, and Mammaw tacked playing cards up on the wooden window frame at meal times so that I could learn to count. She also staffed me at every meal, because conventional wisdom at the time was that
44、 a fat baby was a healthy one, as long as he bathed every day. At least once a day, she read to me from Dick and Jane books until I could read them myself, and from World Book Encyclopedia volumes, which in those days were sold door-to-door by salesmen and were often the only books besides the Bible
45、 in working peoples houses. These early instructions probably explain why I now read a lot, love card games, battle my weight, and never forget to wash my hands and brush my teeth.The author came to know that he was most fortunate because _.Ahis grandparents loved him more than his mother didBhis gr
46、andmother loved her grandson more than she loved her daughterChis grandparents and his mother made him the most important person in the worldDhis grandparents and his mother took him as the apple of their eye 6.Like land, labor is means of production. In non-industrial societies, access to both land
47、 and labor comes through social links such as kinship, marriage, and descent. Mutual aid in production is merely one aspect of ongoing social relationships that are expressed on many other occasions. Non-industrial societies contrast with industrial nations in regard to another means of production t
48、echnology. In bands and tribes manufacturing is often linked to age and gender. Women may weave and men make pottery or vice versa. Most people of a particular age and gender share the technical knowledge associated with that age and gender. If married women customarily make baskets, most married wo
49、men know how to make baskets. Neither technology nor technical knowledge is as specialized as it is in states. However, some tribal societies do promote specialization. Among the Yanomani of Benezuela and Brazil, for instance, certain villages manufacture clay pots and others make hammocks. They dont specialize, as one might suppose, because certain raw mat