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1、2022职称英语考试真题卷（3）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.第二篇： Around 45% of the UKs carbon dioxide emissions come from the energy people use every-at home and when they travel . In order to generate that energy, fossil fuels (coal oil, and gas) are burnt, and these
2、 produce greenhouse gases- in particular carbon dioxide (CO2) a year, and it is the same CO2 that is changing the climate and damaging the environment. CO2 and various other gases wrap the earth in an invisible blanket helping to prevent heat from escaping. Without this greenhouse effect, the averag
3、e temperature on Earth would be around -18, compared with the current average of around +15. The composition of this blanket of gases has remained relatively constant for many thousands of years. However, since the industrial revolution began around 200 years ago, people have been burning increasing
4、 amounts of fossil fuels, thus releasing more CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the process. This has increased the heating effect of the blanket, trapping more of the suns energy inside the Earths atmosphere in turn the Earths temperature has increased more rapidly in a shorter pennd of there that
5、it has for thousands of years.In 2008, the total UK CO2 emissions were 533 million tones 27% (144 million tonnes ) of those emissions came from the energy used to heat, light, and power homes. Transport emissions caused by passenger cars, buses and motorcycles accounted for a further 16% (87 million
6、 tonnes ) of the UKs CO2 emissions. These figures show that a significant amount of CO2 results from ordinary citizens carbon footprint in their daily activities and lifestyle.The effects of climate change can be seen all around us. Weather patterns are cecoming more and more fractured and uncertain
7、, and over the last century trends in warm weather have become increasingly common. In the UK in the last 40 years, winters have grown warmer with much heavier rainfall. One of the clearest shifts over the last 200 years is towards summers that are hotter and drier, causing pervasive water shortages
8、. Recent years have been the hottest since records began and during August 2003 the hottest outdoor temperature in the UK was recorded -38.5.What is the authors opinion about the level of CO2 emissions in the UKAThe majority of CO2 emissions come from motorized transport.BCO2 emissions may cause cli
9、mate change in the futureCMore CO2 emissions come from homes than from carsDThe average citizen does not create much CO2 2.第三篇：First Sell-contained Heart ImplantedA patient on the brink of death has received the worlds first self-contained artificial hearta battery-powered device about the size of a
10、 softball that runs without the need for wires, tubes or hoses sticking out of the chest.Two surgeons from the University of Louisville implanted the titanium and plastic pump during a sever-hour operation at Jewish Hospital Monday. The hospital said the patient was “awake and responsive” Tuesday an
11、d resting comfortably. It refused to release personal details.The patient had been expected to die within a month without the operation, and doctors said they expected the artificial heart to extend the persons life by only a month. But the device is considered a major step toward improving the pati
12、ents quality of life.The new pump, called AbioCor, is also a technological leap from the mechanical hearts used in the 1980s, which were attached by wires and tubes to bulky machinery outside the body. The most famous of those, the Jarvic-7, used air as a pumping device and was attached to an appara
13、tus about the size of a washing machine.“I think its potentially a major step forward in the artificial heart development,” said Dr. David Faxon, president of the American heart Association. However, he said the dream of an implantable, permanent artificial heart is not yet a reality: “This is obvio
14、usly an experimental device whose long-term success has to be demonstrated.”Only about half of the 4,200 Americans on a waiting list for donor hearts received them last year, and most of the rest died. Some doctors, including Robert Higgins, chairman of cardiology at the Medical College of Virginia
15、in Richmond, said artificial hearts are unlikely to replace donor hears.“A donor heart in a good transplant can last 15 to 30 years,” he said. “Its going to be hard to replace that with a machine.”According to the report, patient who received the first self-contained heartAwas said to be in a good c
16、ondition the next day after operationBcould not afford a donor heartCdied two months after the heart implantationDwas reluctant to release his or her personal information 3.More about Alzheimers DiseaseScientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzhei
17、mers disease1 and may ultimately allow physicians to predict _ (51) is at risk of getting this neurological disorder.The only current means of _ (52) the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.(痴呆)“ Since Alois Alzheimer descr
18、ibed the _ (53) nearly a century ago，people have been trying to find a way to _ (54) diagnose it in its early stages2，” said Patricia Grady，acting director3 of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland. This discovery, if _ (55) , could prove a big step forwar
19、d in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease. ”Alzheimers is the single greatest _ (56) of mental deterioration in older people, affecting between 2. 5 million and 4 million people in the United States _ (57). The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function
20、，and eventually causes death.6 There is currently no known _ (58) for the disease.Researches _ (59) that the skin cells of Alzheimer s patients have defects that interfere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells. The fact that the cell defects are present in the
21、skin suggests that7 Alzheimers _ (60) from physiological changes throughout the body，and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects _ (61) the cells in the brain, scientists said.The flow of potassium is especially _ (62) in cells responsible _ (63) memory forma
22、tion8. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells supply of calcium, another critical element.One test developed by researches calls for9 growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that _
23、 (64) the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.A spokesman for the Alzheimers Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be proven it would be an important _ (65) , but cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimers have
24、been disappointing.AfightingBcarryingCtransmittingDdiagnosing 4.第二篇： Around 45% of the UKs carbon dioxide emissions come from the energy people use every-at home and when they travel . In order to generate that energy, fossil fuels (coal oil, and gas) are burnt, and these produce greenhouse gases- i
25、n particular carbon dioxide (CO2) a year, and it is the same CO2 that is changing the climate and damaging the environment. CO2 and various other gases wrap the earth in an invisible blanket helping to prevent heat from escaping. Without this greenhouse effect, the average temperature on Earth would
26、 be around -18, compared with the current average of around +15. The composition of this blanket of gases has remained relatively constant for many thousands of years. However, since the industrial revolution began around 200 years ago, people have been burning increasing amounts of fossil fuels, th
27、us releasing more CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the process. This has increased the heating effect of the blanket, trapping more of the suns energy inside the Earths atmosphere in turn the Earths temperature has increased more rapidly in a shorter pennd of there that it has for thousands of year
28、s.In 2008, the total UK CO2 emissions were 533 million tones 27% (144 million tonnes ) of those emissions came from the energy used to heat, light, and power homes. Transport emissions caused by passenger cars, buses and motorcycles accounted for a further 16% (87 million tonnes ) of the UKs CO2 emi
29、ssions. These figures show that a significant amount of CO2 results from ordinary citizens carbon footprint in their daily activities and lifestyle.The effects of climate change can be seen all around us. Weather patterns are cecoming more and more fractured and uncertain, and over the last century
30、trends in warm weather have become increasingly common. In the UK in the last 40 years, winters have grown warmer with much heavier rainfall. One of the clearest shifts over the last 200 years is towards summers that are hotter and drier, causing pervasive water shortages. Recent years have been the
31、 hottest since records began and during August 2003 the hottest outdoor temperature in the UK was recorded -38.5.CO2 emissions from vehiclesAare a more serious problem than energy shortageBdo not cause any problemsCare high because the average household owns a carDcontribute considerably to greenhou
32、se gases 5.第三篇：First Sell-contained Heart ImplantedA patient on the brink of death has received the worlds first self-contained artificial hearta battery-powered device about the size of a softball that runs without the need for wires, tubes or hoses sticking out of the chest.Two surgeons from the U
33、niversity of Louisville implanted the titanium and plastic pump during a sever-hour operation at Jewish Hospital Monday. The hospital said the patient was “awake and responsive” Tuesday and resting comfortably. It refused to release personal details.The patient had been expected to die within a mont
34、h without the operation, and doctors said they expected the artificial heart to extend the persons life by only a month. But the device is considered a major step toward improving the patients quality of life.The new pump, called AbioCor, is also a technological leap from the mechanical hearts used
35、in the 1980s, which were attached by wires and tubes to bulky machinery outside the body. The most famous of those, the Jarvic-7, used air as a pumping device and was attached to an apparatus about the size of a washing machine.“I think its potentially a major step forward in the artificial heart de
36、velopment,” said Dr. David Faxon, president of the American heart Association. However, he said the dream of an implantable, permanent artificial heart is not yet a reality: “This is obviously an experimental device whose long-term success has to be demonstrated.”Only about half of the 4,200 America
37、ns on a waiting list for donor hearts received them last year, and most of the rest died. Some doctors, including Robert Higgins, chairman of cardiology at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, said artificial hearts are unlikely to replace donor hears.“A donor heart in a good transplant can
38、last 15 to 30 years,” he said. “Its going to be hard to replace that with a machine.”We can learn from Paragraph 4 that the Jarvic-7 isAthe most expensive mechanical heartBa mechanical heart used in the 1980sCas advanced as AbioCorDreplacing AbioCo 6.Wrongly Convicted Man and His Accuser Tell Their
39、StoryNEW YORK,NY, January 5,2010. St.Martins Press has announced the release of the paperback edition of Picking Cotton, a remarkable true story of what novelist John Grisham calls an “account of violence, rage, redemption(救赎)，and, ultimately forgiveness.”The story began in 1987, in Burlington, Nort
40、h Carolina, with the rape of a young while college student named Jennifer Thompson. During her ordeal, Thompson swore to herself that she would never forget the face of her rapist, a man who climbed through the window of her apartment and assaulted her brutally._(46) When the police asked her if she
41、 could identify the assailant(袭击者)from a book of mug shots, she picked one that she was sure was correct, and later she identified the same man in a lineup.Based on her convincing eyewitness testimony, a 22-year-old black man named Ronald Cotton was sentenced to prison for two life terms. Cottons la
42、wyer appealed the decision, and by the time of the appeals hearing, evidence had come to light suggesting that the real rapist might have been a man who looked very like Cotton, an imprisoned criminal named Bobby Poole._ (47) Jennifer Thompson looked at both men face to face, and once again said tha
43、t Ronald Cotton was the one who raped her.Eleven years later, DNA evidence completely exonerated(证明清白)Cotton and just as unequivocally(明确地) convicted Poole, who confessed to the crime. _(48) “The man I was so sure I had never seen in my life was the man who was inches from my throat, who raped me, w
44、ho hurt me, who took my spirit away, who robbed me of my soul,” she wrote. “And the man I had identified so surely on so many occasions was absolutely innocent.”_ (49) Remarkably both were able to put this tragedy behind them, overcome the racial barrier that divided them, and write a book, which th
45、ey have subtitled “Our memoir of injustice and redemption.”Nevertheless, Thompson says, she still lives “with constant pain that my profound mistake cost him so dearly_ (50)”A. Another trial was held.B. I cannot begin to imagine what would have happened had my mistaken identification occurred in a c
46、apital caseC. Thompson was shocked and devastated.D. Jennifer Thompson decided to meet Cotton and apologize to him personally.E. During the attack, she made an effort to memorize every detail of his face , looking for scars , tattoos (纹身) or other identifying marks.F. Many criminals are sent to pris
47、on on the basis of accurate testimony by eyewitnesses. 7.More about Alzheimers DiseaseScientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimers disease1 and may ultimately allow physicians to predict _ (51) is at risk of getting this neurological disorder
48、.The only current means of _ (52) the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.(痴呆)“ Since Alois Alzheimer described the _ (53) nearly a century ago，people have been trying to find a way to _ (54) diagnose it in its early stages2，” said Patricia Grady，acting director3 of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in