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1、2022广西在职攻读硕士联考考试考前冲刺卷（4）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Trying to get Americans to eat a healthy diet is a frustrating business. Even the best- designed public-health campaigns cannot seem to compete with the tempting flavors of the snack-food and fast-foo
2、d industries and their fat-and sugar-laden products. The results are apparent on a walk down any American street-more than 60% of Americans are overweight, and a full quarter of them are overweight to the point of obesity.Now, health advocates say, an ill-conceived redesign has taken one of the more
3、 successful public-health campaigns-the Food Guide Pyramid-and rendered it confusing to the point of uselessness. Some of these critics worry that America’ s Department of Agriculture caved in to pressure from parts of the food industry anxious to protect their products.The Food Guide Pyramid
4、was a graphic which emphasizes that a healthy diet is built on a base of grains, vegetables and fruits, followed by ever-decreasing amounts of dairy products, meat, sweets and oils. The agriculture department launched the pyramid in 1992 to replace its previous program, which was centered on the ide
5、a of four basic food groups. The Basic Four campaign showed a plate divided into quarters, and seemed to imply that meat and dairy products should make up half of a healthy diet, with grains ,fruits and vegetables making up the other half. It was replaced only over the strenuous objections of the me
6、at and dairy industries.The old pyramid was undoubtedly imperfect. It failed to distinguish between a doughnut and a whole-grain roll, or a hamburger and a skinless chicken breast, and it did not make clear exactly how much of each foodstuff to eat. It did, however, manage to convey the basic idea o
7、f proper proportions in an easily understandable way. The new pyramid, called My Pyramid, abandons the effort to provide this information. Instead, it has been simplified to a mere logo. The food groups are replaced with unlabelled, multi-colored vertical stripes which, in some versions, rise out of
8、 a cartoon jumble of foods that look like the aftermath of a riot at a grocery store. Anyone who wants to see how this translates into a healthy diet is invited to go to a website, put in their age, sex and activity level, and get a custom-designed pyramid, complete with healthy food choices and sug
9、gested portion sizes. This is fine for those who are motivated, but might prove too much effort for those who most need such information.Admittedly, the designers of the new pyramid had a tough job to do. They were supposed to condense the advice in the 84-page United States’ Dietary Guideline
10、s into a simple, meaningful graphic suitable for printing on the back of a cereal box. And they had to do this in the face of pressure from dozens of special interest groups-from the country’ s Potato Board, which thought potatoes would look nice in the picture, to the Mmond Board of Californi
11、a, which felt the same way about almonds. Even the National Watermelon Promotion Board and the California Avocado Commission were eager to see their products recognized.Nevertheless ,many health advocates believe the new graphic is a missed opportunity. Mthough officials insist industry pressure had
12、 nothing to do with the eventual design, some critics suspect that political influence was at work. On the other hand, it is not clear how much good even the best graphic could do. Surveys found that 80% of Americans recognized the old Food Guide Pyramid-a big success in the world of public-health c
13、ampaigns. Yet only 16% followed its advice.Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the Food Guide Pyramid in 1992().A.It stresses the value of grains, vegetables and fruits.B.It places emphasis on the four basic food groups.C.It rejects higher proportion of meat, sweets and oils.D.It met objections
14、 from meat and dairy industries.2.Scholars and students have always been great travellers. The official case for academic mobility is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certa
15、inly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas l their transfere
16、nce across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been reas
17、suring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpath
18、s of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.Apart from the vehicle it
19、self, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centres of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students.In addition one mus
20、t recognise the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were
21、not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.Frequently these specialisations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that t
22、he advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centres of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From these meetin
23、gs come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.But as the specialisations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there had been an opposite movement towards interdisciplinary
24、studies. These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disciplines,
25、 and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.The writer claims that it is important for specialists to be able to travel because().A.there are so many people working in similar fieldsB.there is a lot of s
26、ocial unrest at universitiesC.their follow experts are scattered round the worldD.their laboratories are in remote places3.Genghis Khan was not one to agonize over gender roles. He was into sex and power, and he didn’t mind saying so. The greatest joy a man can know is to conquer his enemies a
27、nd drive them before him. The emperor once thundered. Genghis Khan conquered two thirds of the known world during the early 13th century and he may have set an all-time record for what biologists call reproductive success. An account written 33 years after his death credited him with 20,000 descenda
28、nts.Men’s manners have improved markedly since Genghis Khan’s day. At heart, though, we’re the same animals we were 800 years ago, which is to say we are status seekers. We may talk of equality and fraternity. We may strive for classless societies. But we go right on building hiera
29、rchies, and jockeying for status within them. Can we abandon the tendency Probably not. As scientists are now discovering, status seeking is not just a habit or a cultural tradition. It’s a design feature of the male psyche-a biological drive that is rooted in the nervous system and regulated
30、by hormones and brain chemicals.How do we know this relentless one-upmanship is a biological endowment Anthropologists find the same pattern virtually everywhere they 10ok and so do zoologists. Male competition is fierce among crickets, crayfish and elephants, and it’s ubiquitous among higher
31、primates, for example, male chimpanzees have an extraordinarily strong drive for dominance. CoincidenceEvolutionists don’t think so. From their perspective, life is essentially a race to repro-duke, and natural selection is bound to favor different strategies in different organisms. In reprodu
32、ctive terms, they have vastly more to gain from it. A female can’t flood the gene pool by commandeering extra mates; no matter how much sperm she attracts, she is unlikely to produce more than a dozen viable offspring. But as Genghis Khan’s exploits make clear, males can profit enormousl
33、y by out mating their peers. It’s not hard to see how that dynamic, played out over millions of years, would leave modern men fretting over status. We’re built from the genes that the most determined competitors passed down.Fortunately, we don’t aspire to families of 800. As monoga
34、my and contraceptives may have leveled the reproductive playfield, power has become its own psychological reward. Those who achieve high status still enjoy more sex with more partners than the rest of us, and the reason is no mystery. Researchers have consistently found that women favor signs of ear
35、ning capacity over good looks. For sheer sex appeal, a doughy (脸色苍白的) bald guy in a Rolex will outscore a stud (非常英俊的男子) in a Burger King uniform almost every time.It can be inferred from the third paragraph that().A.men are the only animals striving for control.B.chimpanzees are even more fierce in
36、 their strive for dominance.C.all mate animals share the same desire for higher status.D.males of lower primates do not have fierce competition.4.It’s all annual back-to-school routine. One morning you wave goodbye, and that (1) evening you’re burning the late-night oil in sympathy. In t
37、he race to improve educational standards, (2) are throwing the books at kids. (3) elementary school students are complaining of homework (4) What’s a well-meaning parent to doAs hard as (5) may he, sit back and chill, experts advise. Though you’ve got to get them to do it, (6) helping to
38、o much, or even examining (7) too carefully, you may keep them (8) doing it by themselves. I wouldn’t advise a parent to check every (9) assignment, says psychologist John Rosemond, author of Ending the Tough Homework. There’s a (10) of appreciation for trial and error. Let your children
39、 (11) the grade they deserve. Many experts believe parents should gently look over the work of younger children and ask them to rethink their (12) . But you don’t want them to feel it has to be (13) , she says.That’s not to say parents should (14) homework-first, they should monitor how
40、much homework their kids (15) . Thirty minutes a day in the early elementary years and an hour in (16) four, five, and six is standard, says Rosemond. For junior-high students it should be (17) more than an hour and a half, and two for high school students. If your child (18) has more homework than
41、this, you may want to check (19) other parents and then talk to the teacher about (20) assignments.4().A. fatigueB. confusionC. dutyD. puzzle5.If men are from Mars and women are from Venus, it may explain at least one of their shared beliefs: Men and women can’t be real friends. Many may point
42、 to the jealousy that plagues many rational people when a significant other befriends someone of the opposite sex. Boil it down to the inherent differences between the sexes. It just can’t be done. Is it rightWrong, say relationship experts. The belief that men and women can’t be friends
43、 comes from another era in which women were at home and men were in the workplace, and the only way they could get together was for romance, explains Linda Sapadin, Ph. D, a psychologist in private practice in Valley Stream, New York. Now they work together and have sports interests together and soc
44、ialize together. This cultural shift is encouraging psychologists, sociologists and communications experts to put forth a new message: though it may be tricky, men and women can successfully become close friends. What’s more, there are good reasons for them to do so.Society has long singled ou
45、t romance as the prototypical male-female relationship because it spawns babies and keeps the life cycle going; cross-sex friendship, as researchers call it, has been either ignored or trivialized. We have rules for how to act in romantic relationships (flirt, date, get married, have kids) and even
46、same-sex friendships (boys relate by doing activities together, girls by talking and sharing). But there are so few platonic male-female friendships on display in our culture that we’re at a loss even to define these relationships.A certain 1989 film starring Meg Ryan and Billy Crystal convinc
47、ed a nation of moviegoers that romance always comes between men and women, making true friendship impossible. When Harry Met Sally set the potential for male-female friendship back about 25 years, says Michael Monsour, Ph. D., assistant professor of communications at the University of Colorado at De
48、nver and author of Women and Men as Friends: Relationships across the Life Span in the 21st Century. Almost every time you see a male-female friendship, it winds up turning into romance.In 1989, Don O’Meara, Ph. D., a sociology professor at the University of Cincinnati-Raymond Walters College,
49、 published a landmark study in the journal Sex Roles on the top impediments to cross-sex friendship. Among several challenges he pointed out in his research, society may not be entirely ready for friendships between men and women that have no sexual subtext. People with close friends of the opposite sex are often barraged with nudging, winking and skepticism: Are you really just friends This is especially true, says O’Meara, of older adults, who grew up when men and women were off-limits to each other u