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1、名词性从句noun clause什么是名词性从句什么是名词性从句根据从句在句子中的功能分根据从句的性质分定语从句形容词性从句主语从句名词性从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句状语从句副词性从句高考考试重点 考查名词性从句的语序问题 考查引导词that与what的区别 考查it在名称从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法 考查whether与if的区别 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题noun clauses名词性从句名词性从句subjective clause主语从句主语从句objective clause宾语
2、从句宾语从句predicative clause表语从句表语从句appositive clause同位语从句同位语从句What kind of noun clauses are they?请区分下列句子分别是什么从句请区分下列句子分别是什么从句 1. What it was to become was a mystery. 2. I dont know who will help Henry to win the bet. 3. His trouble is that he doesnt know anybody in London. 4. The fact that ships can go
3、 there surprises many people.主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句brainstorming (2m)名词性从句名词性从句相当于一个相当于一个名词作用名词作用的的从句从句称作名词性从句，名词称作名词性从句，名词性从句常在复合句中作性从句常在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语和同位主语、宾语、表语和同位语语。如：。如：1. What it was to become was a mystery. 2. I dont know who will help Henry to win the bet. 3. His trouble is that h
4、e doesnt know anybody in London. 4. The fact that ships can go there surprises many people. 名词性从句连接词可分为三类名词性从句连接词可分为三类连接词连接词：that, whether/if（是否）（是否）在句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用在句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用连接代词连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever, whom,whose,which.在句中充当主语，宾语在句中充当主语，宾语连接副词连接副词：when,where,how,why在句中充当状语在句中充当状语1.
5、will take part in the meeting has not been decided. 谁将参加会议还没有决定。谁将参加会议还没有决定。2. breaks the las will be punished.无论谁违反了该条例，都将受无论谁违反了该条例，都将受到惩罚。到惩罚。3. student will win the first is uncertain.哪个学生是第一个不确定哪个学生是第一个不确定的。的。 they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.他们为什他们为什么突然消失仍然是个谜。么突然消失仍然是个谜。5. th
6、ey will set off is not decided.他们什么时候出发还没有决定。他们什么时候出发还没有决定。6. she is from is unknown.她来自哪里还不知道。她来自哪里还不知道。7. we will paint the house has not been decided.我们怎样粉刷房我们怎样粉刷房子还没有决定。子还没有决定。8. people cut down too many trees destroyed the balance of nature.人们砍伐过多的树木破坏了自然的平衡。人们砍伐过多的树木破坏了自然的平衡。9. life will cont
7、inue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.生命能否在生命能否在地球上延续几百万年将取决于这个问题能否解决。地球上延续几百万年将取决于这个问题能否解决。10. I saw was beyond any verbal description.我所看到的是无法我所看到的是无法用言语描述的。用言语描述的。WhoWhoeverWhichWhyWhenWhereHowThatWhetherWhatComplete the sentences using
8、what, whether, where, when, who, why, how, or that.1. What is needed for success is your hard work.成功需要的是努力工作成功需要的是努力工作2. When/ how they will arrive has been told to the teacher.他们什么时候到达，他们什么时候到达，已经告诉老师了。已经告诉老师了。3. Where/ whether we will go tomorrow hasnt been decided yet.我们明天去我们明天去哪儿还没有决定。哪儿还没有决定。4
9、. Who can join in the sport meet is decided by the teacher.谁能参加运动会谁能参加运动会是由老师决定的。是由老师决定的。5. Whether it will rain or not is not clear.是否会下雨还不清楚。是否会下雨还不清楚。6. Why the earth is becoming warm is a good topic for research.地球为什么地球为什么变热是一个很好的研究课题。变热是一个很好的研究课题。7. That the earth is a solid ball is know to us
10、all.我们都知道地球是实心球。我们都知道地球是实心球。注意：主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。注意：主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。连接代词连接代词who(m), whose, what ,which, when, where, why, how这类连接词这类连接词,除了引导主从外除了引导主从外,在从句中还分在从句中还分别起别起pron/adv./adj.的作用的作用,在从句中分别做主语在从句中分别做主语宾语宾语表语表语状语状语 What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.高考题高考题:_ caused
11、the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. WhereI read about it in some book or other, does it matter _ it was?A. where B. what C. how D. whichwhoever, whomever, whichever, whatever, whenever, wherever等连接词与等连接词与what等连接词等连接词的用法一样的用法一样,只是具有较强的语意只是具有较强的语意,“凡是凡是,不管不管,无论无论” ,What
12、ever he said wasnt true.Whoever guesses what I have in my hand may have it.= Anyone who guesses= The person who guessesWhoever（无论谁）（无论谁）=anyone/anybody who（谁）（谁）_ he couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer teenagers showed interest in traditional festivals. A. What; why B. That; what C. What; becau
13、se D. Why; that主语从句：主语从句：做主语用的名词性从句，引导主语从句的有连词做主语用的名词性从句，引导主语从句的有连词that ，whether， 连接代词连接代词who ，what ，which， 连接副词连接副词when，where， how， why等。等。注意注意：1. that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；在句中无词义，只起连接作用；2.连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义，又起连连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义，又起连接作用，在从句中充当接作用，在从句中充当从句从句的成分的成分位置位置： 1) 位于句首位于句首 2) 位于句尾，使用位于句尾，使用i
14、t做形式主语，而把主语从放在句做形式主语，而把主语从放在句末末(注意：形式主语只能用注意：形式主语只能用it,不能使用不能使用thisthat)Fox example:1. Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.他要跟我们说他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。什么，还不清楚。2. That his hair was turning grey worried him a lot. 他的头他的头发变成了灰色让他很担忧发变成了灰色让他很担忧3. WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣
15、布。英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。注意：主语从句中的注意：主语从句中的that绝对不能省去。因为句子是不能做主绝对不能省去。因为句子是不能做主语的，故用语的，故用that引导。若去掉则没有了主语，而宾语从句中引导。若去掉则没有了主语，而宾语从句中的的that可以省略可以省略如：如：That he is right is known to all of us. 主语从句主语从句 We all know (that )he is right. 宾语从句宾语从句 注意：注意：有时为避免句子有时为避免句子头重脚轻头重脚轻，常用形式主语，常用形式主语it代替主语从代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把
16、主语从句置于句末。主语从句句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。 It 做形式主语代替主语从句主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语做形式主语代替主语从句主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子的某引导的强调句则是对句子的某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连接词一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连接词That。而被强掉部分指人时也可以用。而被强掉部分指人时也可以用who/whom1. That he will refuse this piece of
17、advice is impossible. It is impossible that he will refuse this piece of advice.*it 为形式主语为形式主语2. That they should like each other is natural. It is natural that they should like each other.用用it 作形式主语的结构：作形式主语的结构：1）It is +名词名词+从句从句It is a fact that 事实是事实是It is an honor that 非常荣幸非常荣幸It is common knowl
18、edge that 是常识是常识It is a pity/shame that 遗憾的是遗憾的是It is a pity that (很遗憾很遗憾)we lost the match.It is a fact that（这是事实）（这是事实）he cheated in the exam.2) It is+形容词形容词+ 从句从句It is natural that 很自然很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是Its certain that 肯定肯定It is possible that 很可能很可能It is unlikely that 不可能不可能It is obvi
19、ous that 很明显很明显It is necessary/important that+(should)+doIt is possible (很可能很可能)that she will come back tomorrow.It is obvious that（很明显）（很明显）this measure is effective.1). 表示表示“应该，惊讶，惋惜，遗憾应该，惊讶，惋惜，遗憾”等意义等意义It is important/natural/necessary/impossible/ strange that谓语形式为：谓语形式为：should+动词原形动词原形, should可省
20、略。可省略。Eg. a). It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟然没有来很奇怪，他竟然没有来b). It is important that we should do enough sports. 我们做足够的运动很重要。我们做足够的运动很重要。2). 表示表示“据建议，据要求，据命令据建议，据要求，据命令”It+be+suggested/advised/ordered/requested/commanded/insisted/required/proposed/desired/ that谓语形式谓语形式:should +动词原形，动词原形
21、，should可省略可省略a.) It was ordered that all the passengers should be searched. 据命令，所有据命令，所有乘客必须接受搜查。乘客必须接受搜查。3) It is+不及物动词不及物动词+从句从句It seems that 似乎似乎It happened that 碰巧碰巧It appears that 似乎似乎It occurred to me that 我突然想到我突然想到a). It happened that （刚好）（刚好）I came into the office at that time.b). It occurr
22、ed to me that （我突然想起）（我突然想起）I forget to sent the letter.4) It is+过去式过去式+从句从句It is reported that 据报道据报道It has been proved that 已证实已证实It is said that 据说据说It is known to all that 众所周知众所周知It is believed that 据信据信;人们相信人们相信It is suggested that+ (should) do 建议建议It must be admitted that 必须承认必须承认It cannot be
23、 denied that 不可否人不可否人It must be pointed out that 需指出的是需指出的是 a). It is reported that （据报道）（据报道）20 people were killed in the accident. b). It is suggested that （建议）（建议）we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise.5) “无关紧要（的是）无关紧要（的是）”It doesnt matter +主语从句主语从句It makes no differenceIt doesnt matte
24、r whether one is wealthy or not.It makes no difference whether一个人是否富有无关紧要。一个人是否富有无关紧要。主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况:1.If引导的主语从句不可位于复合句句首引导的主语从句不可位于复合句句首2.It is said/reported. 结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：正确表达：正确表达： It is said that President Xi will visit our school next week.错误的表达：错误的表达：That Presi
25、dent Xi will visit our school next week is said.3. It happens/occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：正确表达：正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.错误表达错误表达: That he failed in the examination occurred to him.4. It doesnt matter how/whether结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：正确表达：正确表达：It does
26、nt matter whether he is wrong or not.错误的表达：错误的表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.5. 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前，如：含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前，如：正确的表达：正确的表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?错误的表达：错误的表达： Is that will rain in the eveninglikely?名称性从句中的语序问题名称性从句中的语序问题永远陈述语气永远陈述语气名称性从句中不会出现助
27、动词提前的现象，如：名称性从句中不会出现助动词提前的现象，如：1. Who is he doesnt matter. 他是谁并不重要。他是谁并不重要。2. When and where we shall have the sports meet is a question. 在哪里开、什么时候开运动会还是个问题。在哪里开、什么时候开运动会还是个问题。3. I dont know what his name is.我不知道他叫什么名字。我不知道他叫什么名字。4. I dont know what is wrong with him.我不知道他怎么我不知道他怎么了。了。5. You cant im
28、agine how excited I was at that time.你你没法想象我那个时候有多激动。没法想象我那个时候有多激动。6. Can you tell me what size shoes you wear? 你能告你能告诉我你穿多大码的鞋子吗？诉我你穿多大码的鞋子吗？No one can be sure in a million years.A. what will man look like B. what man will look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like答案：答案：B 考查宾语从
29、句的语序问题。应该是陈述语序。首先排除考查宾语从句的语序问题。应该是陈述语序。首先排除A/C两个选项。两个选项。D选项不符合我们的语言习惯选项不符合我们的语言习惯考点一、考点一、that 和和what的区别的区别what可在名称性从句中作可在名称性从句中作主语、宾语、表语主语、宾语、表语。that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，也没有什么意思在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，也没有什么意思如：如：1.What you did doesnt agree with what you promised.你所做的与你允诺你所做的与你允诺的不一致。的不一致。2.What he couldnt understa
30、nd was why his teacher was never satisfied with him.他无法理解的是为什么他的老师对他从不满意。他无法理解的是为什么他的老师对他从不满意。3.The matter of salary is what I care most if I decide to change my profession.薪水问题是我最关心的，如果我决定改变我的职业。薪水问题是我最关心的，如果我决定改变我的职业。4.What we cant get always seems better than what we have already got.我们不能得到的似乎总是比
31、我们得到的要更好。我们不能得到的似乎总是比我们得到的要更好。5.I think that your composition is no better than his.我认为你的作文不如他我认为你的作文不如他好。好。6.That you dont love he is not my business.你不爱他跟我无关。你不爱他跟我无关。1. What we have seen is different from . A. we heard B. we have heard C. what we heard D. what we have heard答案答案:D 这是一个宾语从句。从句中这是一个
32、宾语从句。从句中hear是个及物动词，缺少宾语。所以，应该是个及物动词，缺少宾语。所以，应该选择选择what，充当，充当hear的宾语，的宾语，that在句中不充当任何成分，不选。在句中不充当任何成分，不选。2. I couldnt agree with in the meeting.A. that you said B. which you saidC. all what you said D. what you said答案：答案：D 考查宾语从句，句中的考查宾语从句，句中的say是个及物动词，缺少宾语，选择是个及物动词，缺少宾语，选择what引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。What是不引
33、导定语从句的，排除是不引导定语从句的，排除C。考点二、考点二、 that 和和whether的区别的区别that 引导主从只起引导作用，无实际意义，在主引导主从只起引导作用，无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略但不能省略。That she left him cut him to the heart.whether尽管不充当句子成分尽管不充当句子成分,但有但有“是否是否”的意的意思。它能够左右句子的意思，是从句所表达的思。它能够左右句子的意思，是从句所表达的意思变成一个还没有确定的因素。如：意思变成一个还没有确定的因素。如：Whether it will p
34、lease them is not easy to say.1. I dont know whether he can join us or not.我不知道我不知道他是否会加入我们。他是否会加入我们。2. Im sure that he can join us. 我确定他会加入我们。我确定他会加入我们。3. It is none of your business whether I love her. 我爱我爱不爱她不关你的事。不爱她不关你的事。4. It is none of your business that I dont love her. 我我不爱她不关你的事。不爱她不关你的事。总
35、结：区分总结：区分that还是还是whether，重要的一点就是看从句表达，重要的一点就是看从句表达一个什么意思，是确定的还是不确定的；是事实还是疑一个什么意思，是确定的还是不确定的；是事实还是疑问。前者选问。前者选that，后者选，后者选whether。I have no doubt Mr. Johnson will make it here on time. A. that B. whether C. why D. when答案：答案：A前面已经出现了前面已经出现了I have no doubt（毫无疑问）（毫无疑问），这样的主，这样的主句已经不再需要从句表达什么句已经不再需要从句表达什么
36、“是否是否”了。直接选确定的语了。直接选确定的语气。气。No one can be sure the board will accept our conditions.A. That B. whether C. why D. what答案：答案：BNo can be sure（没有人能肯定（没有人能肯定）就要去从句表达一个）就要去从句表达一个“董事会能否接受我们的条件董事会能否接受我们的条件”的意思，而不能是一个既定的意思，而不能是一个既定的事实。的事实。 1. _ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural
37、 differences from on aspect. A A.What B. That C. This D. Which2. _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If B. Whether C. That D. WhereFilling the blanks1. Caused the accident is still a mystery.2. the drivers carelessness caused the accident is known to all.3.The mystery us caused the a
38、ccident.4.It is known to all the drivers carelessness caused the accident.5. made the school proud was that more that 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.6.He is curious about is called the birdnest.总结：总结：what 在句子中充当名称性成分（主、表、宾）在句子中充当名称性成分（主、表、宾） that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。不充当任何成分，只起连
39、接作用。ABWhatThatwhatthatthatWhatwhat1. he will succeed is certain.2. It is certain he will succeed.3. he will succeed is uncertain.4. he succeeded was still a mystery.总结：名称性从句中缺什么就填相应疑问词，什么也不缺也总结：名称性从句中缺什么就填相应疑问词，什么也不缺也要填要填that 5. I know smoking does terrible damage to my heart and it is more difficul
40、t for smoking couples to become pregnant.总结：多个宾语从句中，第一个总结：多个宾语从句中，第一个that可省略，后面的都不可可省略，后面的都不可以省略。以省略。ThatthatWhetherWhetherthatthat考点三、考点三、if 和和whether的区别的区别两者都有两者都有“是否是否”的意思，但并不能永远可以互换。一般认为，两者可的意思，但并不能永远可以互换。一般认为，两者可以互换的环境也只有在宾语从句中。如：以互换的环境也只有在宾语从句中。如：He didnt give us explicit reply whether/if he w
41、ill attend our wedding ceremony.而在介词的宾语从句中，在主语而在介词的宾语从句中，在主语/表语表语/同位句从句中，在和不定式搭配同位句从句中，在和不定式搭配的结构中等等，习惯上只能用的结构中等等，习惯上只能用whether。如：如：1. well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where2. The question of they are old or young is not important.A. which B. whether C. ho
42、w D. if 3. The question is the film is worth seeing.A. If B. what C. whether D. how4. He doesnt know to stay or not.A. if B. what C. whether D. how5. The news our team has won the match is unknown.A. which B. if C. whether D. thenBBCCC考点四、考点四、 wh-词和词和wh-ever的区别的区别一般认，一般认，wh-词在引导从句是，依然保留着很大部分的疑问词的本色，
43、词在引导从句是，依然保留着很大部分的疑问词的本色，所以它们引导的从句在意思上应该表达的是一个问题，如：所以它们引导的从句在意思上应该表达的是一个问题，如：who（谁）（谁）/what（什么）（什么）/when（何时）（何时）/where（何地）（何地）/why（为何）。而（为何）。而wh-ever更多的是充满了让步的意味，无论更多的是充满了让步的意味，无论/不管之意。如：不管之意。如：1.The police wanted to know will benefit most from the old mans death. 警方想知道谁将从老人的去世中受益最多。警方想知道谁将从老人的去世中受益
44、最多。2. will benefit from the old mans death will be questioned by the police.能从老人的去世之中受益的所有人都将受到能从老人的去世之中受益的所有人都将受到警方的盘问。警方的盘问。3. will be sent to help the people in the flooded areas hasnt been announced. 谁将被派往洪灾区救援还没有宣布。谁将被派往洪灾区救援还没有宣布。4. will be sent to work in the flooded areas will spare no effor
45、t to help the people in need. 不管是谁被派往灾区救援都会全力不管是谁被派往灾区救援都会全力以赴地帮助灾民。以赴地帮助灾民。whoWhoeverWhoWhoever考点五、考点五、no matter wh-和和wh-ever的区别问题的区别问题两者都有两者都有“无论无论”之意。在引导让步状语从句时可以互换，之意。在引导让步状语从句时可以互换，没有什么区别。但是，没有什么区别。但是，no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名称性从句。句，不能引导名称性从句。Wh-ever则两者都可以。由此包则两者都可以。由此包含与被包含的关系决定，二
46、者同时出现而必选其一时，答案含与被包含的关系决定，二者同时出现而必选其一时，答案肯定时肯定时wh-ever。如：。如：1. breaks the rules will be punished.（主语从（主语从句）句）2. breaks the rules, he/she will be punished.（状语从句）（状语从句）3. Dont believe he tells you.（宾语从句）（宾语从句）4. Dont believe him, he tells.（状（状语从句）语从句）WhoeverWhoever/No matter whowhateverwhoever/no matte
47、r who考点六、名词性从句中的虚拟语气考点六、名词性从句中的虚拟语气先看宾语从句的虚拟语气。一般来说，如果从句作的是表示先看宾语从句的虚拟语气。一般来说，如果从句作的是表示说话人某种观点、态度或者要求等语气的动词的宾语说话人某种观点、态度或者要求等语气的动词的宾语是，从是，从句中要求用句中要求用”should+动词原形动词原形”的虚拟语气（的虚拟语气（should经常经常可以省略）。这些动词常见的有：可以省略）。这些动词常见的有：desiredemandrequireorderproposecommandadvisesuggest，如：，如：1. He insisted that she(s
48、hould) spend more time studying.2. He demanded that we (should) be on time.3. The boss required that all waiters(should) keep standing all day long.4. The publishing house suggested that I (should) type my book out.注意：有两个特例额，那就是注意：有两个特例额，那就是suggest和和insist。他们两后。他们两后面的宾语从句是否用虚拟语气还要看具体的语境来定，如面的宾语从句是否用
49、虚拟语气还要看具体的语境来定，如1. The doctor suggested that I had a cold. 解释、说明解释、说明2. The big smiles on her face suggested that she had passed the test. 表明表明3. The doctor suggested that I (should) stay in bed for a few day. 建议建议4. The young man insisted that he was well enough to serve in the army. 坚持一个事实而不是一种观点。
50、不坚持一个事实而不是一种观点。不用虚拟语气用虚拟语气5. That young man insisted that he should be send to the front. 坚持一种观点，即坚持一种观点，即“他应该被派往前线他应该被派往前线”，用虚拟语气。用虚拟语气。其他三中从句中的虚拟同宾语从句一样。如：其他三中从句中的虚拟同宾语从句一样。如：1.The headquarters suggestion is that we (should) wait for another few day. 表语从句表语从句2.His order that all the soldiers shoul