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1、托福听力真题原题及答案托福听力真题原题 Question 1 of 6 What is the professor mainly discussing? A. The development of motor skills in children B. How psychologists measure muscle activity in the throat C. A theory about the relationship between muscle activity and thinking D. A study on deaf people's problem-solvi
2、ng techniques Question 2 of 6 Why does the professor say this: Watson thought laryngeal habitsyou know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice boxhe thought those habits were an expression of thinking. Why does the professor say this: you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the
3、voice box A. To give an example of a laryngeal habit B. To explain the meaning of a term C. To explain why he is discussing laryngeal habits D. To remind students of a point he had discussed previously Question 3 of 6 What does the professor say about people who use sign language? A. It is not possi
4、ble to study their thinking habits B. They exhibit laryngeal habits C. The muscles in their hands move when they solve problems D. They do not exhibit ideomotor action Question 4 of 6 What point does the professor make when he refers to the university library? A. A study on problem solving took plac
5、e there B. Students should go there to read more about behaviorism C. Students' eyes will turn toward it if they think about it D. He learned aboutWilliam James' concept of thinking there Question 5 of 6 The professor describes a magic trick to the class,what does the magic trick demonstrate
6、? A. An action people make that they are not aware of B. That behaviorists are not really scientists C. How psychologists study children D. A method for remembering locations Question 6 of 6 What is the professor's opinion of the motor theory of thinking? A. Most of the evidence he has collected
7、 contradicts it B. It explains adult behavior better than it explains child behavior C. It is the most valid theory of thinking at the present time D. It cannot be completely proved or disproved 托福听力真题文本 NARRATOR：Listen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism. 旁白：听一段
8、心理学讲座。教授在探讨行为主义。 MALE PROFESSOR：Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism. 教授：如今，许多人认为约翰华生是行为主义的创立者。 And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure. 和其他的行为主义者一样，他认为心理学家应当只探讨可见和可测的行为。 They're no
9、t interested in mental processes. 他们对心理历程并不感爱好。 While a person could describe his thoughts, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. 当一个人进行心理描述时，没有人能看到或听到他们来验证其报告的精确性。而你能视察到的一个事情，是肌肉运动规律。 What Watson did was to observe m
10、uscular habits because he viewed them as amanifestation of thinking. 约翰华生做的是视察肌肉运动规律，因为他把这些看成是思索的一种表现。 One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits. 他探讨的一种行为习惯是喉部运动规律。 Watson thought laryngeal habits. you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box. he thought those habits
11、 were an expression of thinking. 华生认为喉部运动规律嗯，从喉头起先，换句话说，与喉头相关他认为这些规律是思索的符号。 He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneselfbecause they talk out loud even if they're not trying to communicate with someone in particular. 他认为对很小的小孩而言，思索就是大声跟自己讲话，因为小孩即便是自言自语时声
12、音也不小。 As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. 当这个孩子长大后，公然自言自语变成静静自言自语，但此时思索时喉部肌肉依旧活动。 One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem, they, um, typi
13、cally have increased muscular activity in the throat region. 我这么说的理由之一是当人们要解决一个问题时，他们的，嗯，喉部肌肉运动增加。 That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential - muscle activity - you discover that when people are thinking, like if they're diligently trying to solve a problem, that
14、there is muscular activity in the throat region. 也就是说，假如你将电极紧贴喉部来测量肌肉潜能肌肉活动你会发觉当人们的思索的时候，这么说，假如他们在努力解决一个问题时，喉部肌肉就在活动。 So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors - a set of responses - and in this case the response he observed was the throat a
15、ctivity. 所以，华生提出一个观点：解决问题或思索问题可以定义为一系列的活动一连串的反应而在这个案例中他视察到的反应是喉部运动。 That's what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. 这正是他把这一现象称之为喉部运动规律的缘由。 Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. 在
16、我正在思索准备说什么的时候，我喉咙的肌肉正在作出相应的运动。所以，可以通过测量肌肉活动的形式来测量思索。 Now, the motor theory. yes? 也就是机动理论你要问什么? FEMALE STUDENT：Professor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people? 学生：嗯，布莱克教授，沃森有没有探讨过用手势沟通的人?我说的是聋哑人? MALE PROFESSOR：Uh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds
17、 in deaf individuals who use sign languagewhen theyre given problems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problemmuscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals. 教授：他的确探讨过，嗯，先提前说两
18、句吧，我们发觉当用手语沟通的聋哑人面临须要解决各种各样的问题时，他们用手部肌肉的活动来解决问题手部肌肉在改变，就似乎健全人的喉部肌肉在活动一样。 So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles. 所以，在沃森看来，思维是跟肌肉的运动是一样的。 A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It's called ideomotor action. 被威廉詹姆斯发扬光大的一个与思维相关的一个理念，叫做动念动作。 I deomo
19、tor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. 动念动作是一种我们意识不到的活动，我们察觉不到它的存在。 I'll give you one simple example. (举例子，留意会出题) 我给你们举一个例子。 If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location. 假如你在想一
20、个地方，很可能你的眼动就会朝向你在想的那个地方。 In particular, from where we're sitting, imagine that you're asked to think of our university library. (举例子，会出题) 特殊是当我们坐在教室里试想我们学校的图书馆。 Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library, and if you're sitting directly facing me, then according to this notion,
21、 your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left, cause the library's in that general direction. 假如你闭着眼睛想着学校图书馆，同时你现在就坐在我的面前，那么依据这个概念，你的眼球会轻轻地往左边转动，因为校图书馆也许在那个方向。 James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that's why it's called ideomotor action
22、- an idea leads to motor activity. 詹姆斯和其他探讨人员认为这个想法是引出机动理论的引子，也就是为什么被称之为“动念动作”的缘由机动理论之源。 If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. (例子会出题) 假如你想在亲友们面前炫一下的话，你可以将这个简洁过程改装成魔术把戏。 Ask people to do something such as I've just described: th
23、ink of something on their left; think of something on their right. 让“魔粉”根据我这样的描述去做：想想在你左边的东西;想想在你右边的东西。 You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. 你让他们闭上眼睛想在左右各两样东西，然后细致视察他们的眼睛。 And if you do that, you'll discover that y
24、ou can see rather clearly the eye movement - that is, you can see the movement of the eyeballs. 假如你细致视察的话，你会清楚发觉他们眼睛的活动也就是说，你能看到他们眼球的运动。 Now, then you say, think of either one and I'll tell you which you're thinking of. 之后，你跟他们说想其中一个然后我告知你想的是什么。 OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that mus
25、cular activity is equivalent to thinking. 好，嗯，华生假设肌肉运动等同于思维。 But given everything we've been talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives to this motor theory - this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking? 但就我们今日探讨的这一切，有人不免要问：有与机动理论相仿的理论声称肌肉运动等同于思维的理论吗? Is there
26、anything else that might account for (因果逻辑)this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. (看法题，会考!) 有无可以说明肌肉活动的这种改变，而不是与思维相关的其他理论吗?(答案是)确定有的。 Is there any way to answer the question definitively? Now i think the answer is no. (会考看法题!) 有无回答这个问题
27、的准确答案?我认为没有。 题目参考解析 1.题型类型与分析：主旨题 原文定位与分析： 定位到文章的这句：What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. 得知文章虽然是心理学的主题，但是全文其实都在讲Watson的理论，还有相关的探讨例子等等。所以该题的主题答案确定是一个有关肌肉运动+思维的关系的理论。 选项对比与分析： 原文多处提到了Watson的假设、探讨例子，以及muscle activity与thinking的关系，因此答案选C。其他
28、选项，例如：A选项，children这个细微环节未提及。B、D都是细微环节，不行作为主旨题的答案! 2.题型类型与分析：细微环节目的题 原文定位与分析： 依据题干的why一词可以清晰该题考因果逻辑，同时是考细微环节的目的题。依据题目的音频提到这句： Watson thought laryngeal habitsyou know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice boxhe thought those habits were an expression of thinking. Why does the professor sa
29、y this: you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box 选项对比与分析： 依据音频提到的in other words可以清晰，教授是在向学生说明一个专业名词，答案选B。其他都是无关选项。 3.题型类型与分析：考查细微环节题内容题 原文定位与分析： 依据题干出现的about people who use sign language确定为考查这部分细微环节的内容题。 依据关键词sign language定位原文这句： what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign
30、 languagewhen theyre given problems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problemmuscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals. 选项对比与分析： 学生打断教授的lecture, 提出自己的问题，问有没有视察过运用sign lan
31、guage的人，例如聋哑人士的问题。依据教授的回答内容， they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problemmuscle changes in the hand, 可以知道：C选项(The muscles in their hands move when they solve problems)其实与原文是同义替换的。moves=changes，所以思索的同时，手上肌肉在动，因此答案选C。 A选项的not possible与原文相反的，所以不选。 B选项 laryngeal是前面的v
32、oice box，sign language是肢体语言，因此不选。 D选项，ideomotor出现在lecture的后面，教授还没讲到呢。 4.题型类型与分析：细微环节目的/功能题 原文定位与分析： 依据what point +university library确定为细微环节题目的/功能题，也就是教授提到这个例子的意图/目的是什么(what point)。依据关键词university library定位到原文这里： If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking
33、 about that location. In particular, from where were sitting, imagine that youre asked to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library, and if youre sitting directly facing me, then according to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to y
34、our left, cause the librarys in that general direction. 选项对比与分析： 原文中说到：If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location. 当你想到一个地方，你的眼睛就会转向这个location。然后举了university library这个例子。因此教授提到例子的目的/功能是用来support前面这个观点(point)，所以答案选C。其他选项都是扯淡的. 5.题型类型与分
35、析：考查细微环节题功能/目的题(细微环节题有两种，一种是细微环节目的题，一种是细微环节内容改写题) 原文定位与分析： 依据what does the magic trick demonstrate这句确定为细微环节题功能目的题，依据关键词magic trick定位到原文这句： If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. Ask people to do something such as Ive just described:
36、think of something on their left; think of something on their right. You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. And if you do that, youll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movementthat is, you can see the move
37、ment of the eyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and Ill tell which youre thinking of. 同时知道这个例子是为了demonstrate前面的主题句： A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It's called ideomotor action. 被威廉詹姆斯发扬光大的一个与思维相关的一个理念，叫做动念动作。 Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs
38、 without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. 动念动作是一种我们意识不到的活动，我们察觉不到它的存在。 因此答案是这句：Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. 选项对比与分析： 题目考查magic trick 表明/证明白什么，这个魔术的原理就是，让一个人想着其左边、或右边，当你视察一个人的眼球的时候，其眼球会跟着转左或右。这就是说这个例子demonsrtate了这句：
39、Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it. 所以答案选A。其他选项在原文都没提及，或者都是无关的选项。 6.题型类型与分析：考查Lecture对某事物的看法，为托福听力高频必考题! 原文定位与分析： 题目问教授的opinion，所以知道是在考查看法题，依据关键词motor theory定位到原文最终那几句： OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equ
40、ivalent to thinking. But given everything weve been talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives to this motor theorythis claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it
41、 is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no. 选项对比与分析： 本题的确有点难。不过可以先用解除法。 C选项出现了最高级most valid，但是原文并没最高级，因此先解除C选项。 A选项说大部分已知的证据与该理论是冲突的，这里原文并没提及contradict，因此也解除。 B选项出现了比较逻辑，比较的对象是成年人与孩子之间，这里原文根本就没提及这两者的比较，是无中生有，也解除B选项! 剩下最终的D选项，有点不好理解，该选项的意思是这一理论既不全被确定也不全被否定。我们要理解一下最终定位句的意思是：Watson认为肌肉运动=思维。但是作者说，莫非除了思维，没有其他东西可以说明到(导致)这个肌肉运动吗?答案是有的。这里的意思是说，教授认为Watson的理论是不完整的，因为还有其他因素可能。 最终一句教授又说，有没有其他肯定可以回答这个问题呢?也不肯定，也就是说，是否真的有其他因素，也不肯定的。所以Watson的理论有可能对，也有可能不对。 所以答案选了D：It cannot be completely proved or disproved 托福听力真题原题及答案