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1、如何应对托福阅读长难句应对托福阅读长难句你须要打好这些基础 长难句困难修饰成分介绍 托福阅读长难句基础：扩大词汇量 不行否认，驾驭句子结构对于分析长难句非常重要，但是要想彻底明白句子的含义，除了驾驭句子结构之外，还要有丰富的词汇量。由于托福阅读文章偏学术性，因此不行避开地会出现一些学术词汇。然而，托福文章所涉及的文章体裁非常广泛，想穷尽全部考试中的学术词汇是不切实际的。我们只需在练习时把遇到的学术词汇进行整理，仅仅以“相识单词”为目标，不求会写、会说，这样来积累肯定的学术词汇，以保证考试遇到相关学术词汇时头脑中有一个基本的概念。 托福阅读长难句基础：巩固语法学问 长难句之所以看不懂，是因为句子
2、结构分析不清晰。而句子结构分析不清晰，其根本缘由就是语法学问驾驭得不够坚固。要想把句子结构分析清晰，首先要驾驭英语中的五大基本句型。这五种基本句型分别是： 1. 主+谓(例：I swim.) 2. 主+谓+宾(例：I ate an apple.) 3. 主+谓+宾+宾补(例：She found the computer useful.) 4. 主+谓+双宾(例：He gave me a book.) 5. 主+系+表(He is a doctor.) 驾驭以上这几种基本句型可以帮助你快速找到句子的主干，而找到句子的主干是分析句子结构的关键。长难句之所以会感觉到难，是因为句子中含有许多修饰性成分
3、，这些修饰性成分往往给考生分析句子结构带来干扰。因此，考生有必要了解常见的修饰性成分都有哪些。 托福阅读长难句常见困难修饰性成分介绍 1. 从句(定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句等) 例：This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valley. 这是一个由which引导
4、的定语从句，先行词是前面的trees。 2. 介词短语 例：David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change (in the animal life)(around the fort)(during the period)(between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.) 在这句话中，括号里的都是介词短语，做修饰成分。in the animal life做定语修饰前面的名词c
5、hange;around the fort做地点状语修饰谓语动词found，说明发觉的地点;during the period和between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832做时间状语修饰谓语动词found，说明发觉的地点。 3. 分词(现在分词、过去分词) This“atmospheric engine”, invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revo
6、lutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed(outside the coal mines)(for which it had been designed.) 这句话中的过去分词invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner做后置定语修饰前面的名词engine。 4. 不定式 The growing power of the elite, who controlled the econ
7、omy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacn and serve as additions to the labor force. 不定式做目的状语，表明赐予他们方法的目的是什么。 托福阅读备考之长难句分析：创建雅典民主 Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family
8、 and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. (TPO40, 51) democracy /d'mkrs/ n. 民主，民主政治，民主制度 clan /kln/ n. 宗族，家族;集团，帮会 aristocrat /'r
9、stkrt/ n. 贵族 civic /'svk/ adj. 城市的;市民的，公民的 大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解 Cleisthenes' principal contribution (to the creation of democracy at Athens) was (to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures), (especially among the aristocrats), and (to set in their place locality-base
10、d corporations called demes), (which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. ) (TPO40, 51) 托福阅读长难句100句分析： 这个句子的结构是： Cleisthenes' principal contribution was 非谓语 and 非谓语 第一个非谓语：(to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures) 其次个非谓语：(to set
11、in their place locality-based corporations called demes) 修饰一：(to the creation of democracy at Athens)，介词短语 中文：在雅典创建民主 修饰二：(to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures) ，非谓语动词 中文：完成了减弱家族和宗族结构的长期过程 修饰三：(especially among the aristocrats) ，介词短语 中文：尤其是在贵族间 修饰四：(to set in their pl
12、ace locality-based corporations called demes) ，非谓语动词 中文：在他们所在地方设置基于地点的称之为demes团体 修饰五：(which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. ) ，从句 中文：这成为了雅典全部公民和大多数宗教生活的入口点。 托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译： Cleisthenes对于创建雅典民主的主要贡献是他完成了减弱家族和宗族结构(尤其是贵族家族和宗族结构)的长期的过程，并且在他们所在地方设置基于地点的称之为demes
13、团体，这成为了雅典全部公民和大多数宗教生活的入口点。 这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、介词短语和非谓语动词，大家务必想清晰，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清晰这个句子的结构。 托福阅读长难句：守旧派小说 In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determin
14、edly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction. (特别结构characterized by以为特征) 尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统(以作家约翰?巴思、唐纳德?巴塞尔姆和托马斯.品钦为代表)为特征的时代，乔伊斯?卡罗尔?欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上仿照的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚决的守旧派。 分句1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors s
15、uch as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, 分句2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction. 分句1 做时间状语“In a period”的后置定语，补充修饰period，相当于省略了 “which was”的定语从句。 分句2 是主句。 整个句子的难点在于找主句。 其实分句1的末尾是 such as 引
16、导的三个人名的并列，在最终一个人名Thomas Pynchon前有and, 说明这个列举对象中的最终一个。所以整个句子的主干在T P 这个人后面出现。 托福阅读备考之长难句分析：岩石上的水滴 If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films,
17、too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. (TPO 1 Groundwater) 托福阅读长难句句子分析 本句由but引起了前后两个分句，其中都有if引导的条件状语从句，表示两种假设的状况。读懂这种复合句的关键是要快速找到并理解其主句的谓语部分。本句主句的谓语部分有will exist , will drain away和will exist , will be firmly held。此外，两个分句里都有大家所熟识的
18、too.to.结构，这里都作后置定语，起修饰作用，意思是“太以至于不能”。 词汇精记 pores指的是“孔隙”，这里说的是“岩石的孔隙”。 surface tension指的是“表面张力”。 film在这里明显不是“电影”，表示“薄膜”，比如：a film of oil on the surface of the water 水面上的一层油。另外，film还有“胶卷”的意思，比如：develop a film 冲洗胶卷。留意film还可以作动词，表示“拍摄”，比如：The explosion had been filmed by an amateur cameraman. 这次爆炸被一位业余摄
19、影师拍摄了下来。 托福阅读长难句参考译文 假如岩石的孔隙很大，其中的水会形成水滴，而这样的水滴太重而足以克服吸引它的表面张力，就会流走;但是假如岩石孔隙足够小，其中的水会形成薄膜，因为太轻而无法克服吸引它的表面张力，从而会牢牢地附着在孔隙表面上。 托福阅读备考之长难句分析：昆虫的数量 The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects
20、that comprise the bulk of the species. (同位语从句fact that;定语从句that comprise the bulk) 考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人惊讶。 分句1：The fact does not seem surprising. 分句2：that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests 分句3：considering the huge numbers of insects 分句4：that comprise the bulk of the species 分句1中嵌套着分句2，分句2说明说明分句1的主语the fact, 是同位语从句;分句3是主句的状语，分句4是定语从句，修饰分句3的the huge numbers of insects 如何应对托福阅读长难句