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1、剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test4)剑桥雅思阅读4原文解析(test4) Question 1 答案：TRUE 关键词：record,1900 定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they
2、 are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.” 解题思路：“自从20世纪早期国际田联起先记录成果以来”，题干说现代官方运动员记录始于大约1900年。因此答案为TRUE。 Question 2 答案：NOT GIVEN 关键词：before the twen?tieth century 定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began
3、keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.” 解题思路：很明显体感说的与原文说的相反，故答案为FALSE。 Question 3 答案：FALSE 关键词：burst of energy 定位原文：第1段第2-3句“For the so-called powerIn the
4、 endurance events the results have been more dramatic.” 解题思路：体感说运动员的成果提高幅度最大的项目是须要爆发力强的项目，而原文说的是在长久项目中，运动成果提高得更多。故答案为FALSE。 Question 4 答案：FALSE 关键词：genetics 定位原文：第3段第1-2句“Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at C
5、alifornia State University at Fullerton, maintains that 'genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do.” 解题思路：题干说的是基因在运动员的表现上起完全充分的作用。而文中说的很明显是只有也许三分之一的确定因素。故正确答案为FALSE。 Question 5 答案：NOT GIVEN 关键词：parents of top athletes 定位原文：无 解题思路：题干中说顶尖运动员的父母通常也是很胜利的运动员。而文中并未提到。 Question
6、 6 答案：TRUE 关键词：gifted athletes, younger age 定位原文：第2段第3句“Over the past century, the composition of be identified early.” 解题思路：题干中说运动不断提升的国际重要性意味着有天分的运动员有可能被发觉的更早。定位句中最终也说道因此现在比以往更有可能尽早发觉那些独具运动员基因的个体。故正确答案是TRUE。 Question 7 答案：genetics 关键词：American runners 定位原文：第3段第4句“Yessis believes that U.S. runners,
7、 despite their impressive achievements, are 'running on their genetics.” 解题思路：依据大写字母American runners定位到原文第3段第4句，可知答案为genetics。 Question 8 答案：power 关键词：former Soviet Union 定位原文：第3段最终一句“These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as p
8、lyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.” 解题思路：据大写字母former Soviet Union定位到原文第3段最终1句，原文的表述是前苏联领先应用plyometrics来训练运动员，结合第4段首句：plyometrics focuses on increasing power，因此答案为power。 Question 9 答案：injuries 关键词：inadequate diet 定位原文：第5段最终1句“Few coaches, for instance, understand how defici
9、encies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.” 解题思路：依据inadequate diet定位到原文第5段最终l句，该段主要讲养分方面对于运动员得到影响。最终一句明确指出，.deficiency in trace mineral can lead to injuries，因此答案为injuries。 Question 10 答案：training 关键词：key, setting 定位原文：第6段第1句“Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken
10、.” 解题思路：依据题目依次在原文第6段中找到答案及第2句，即打破记录的关键因素为training。 Question 11 答案：A 关键词：Biomechanics films 定位原文：第7段第2句至第4句“A biomechanic films an athletehigh jumpers.” 解题思路：此题依据专出名词Biomechanics films定位到原文第7段，这一段倒数第2句说到Dapena用这些方法帮助跳髙运动员。故正确答案为A。 Question 12 答案：D 关键词：Biomechanics specialists/Fosbury flop 定位原文：第8段第2句
11、至第4句“For example, during the 1968 own mathematical simulations.” 解题思路：此题依据4个选项中共有的大写字母词汇Fosbury flop快速定位到原文第8段第2句至第4句，原文的表述是：生物力学专家后来对他的方法进行了分析，并理解了这一方法。答案为D。 Question 13 答案：B 关键词：John S. Raglin 定位原文：最终1段第2句及第3句“'Once you study athletics, our understanding in many cases is fundamental.” 解题思路：原文的
12、表述是：印第安纳高校的运动心理学家John S. Raglin说：“核心表现不是更高，更快，更强这一简洁或者平凡的事。有许多的变数进人这一方程式，我们对许多案例的理解都是最基本(fundamental)的。我们还有很长的路要走。”因此答案为B。 Question 14 答案：YES 关键词：creativity, investigative work 定位原文：第1段第1句“Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific ana
13、lyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.” 解题思路：题目说考古学既包括创新也包括仔细的分析调査工作。原文：考古学部分是对过去财宝的发觉，部分是科学分析的严谨工作，部分是创建性想像的练习，因此答案为TURE。 Question 15 答案：NOT GIVEN 关键词：ancient languages 定位原文：无 解题思路：题目说考古学家必需能够翻译古代语言文本。原文没有提及题目的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。 Question 16 答案：NO 关键词：movies 定位原文：第2段最终一句“However far
14、from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting questthe quest for knowledge about ourselves and our past.” 解题思路：题目说电影为考古学家的工作供应了真实的画面。原文的表述是：相反，这些描述(指上句所说的电影)和现实差距甚远(far from reality such portrayals are)，因此很明显答案应为FALSE。 Question 17 答案：YES 关键词：anthr
15、opolo?gist 定位原文：第4段第1句至第3句“Anthropology, at its broadest, from other societies.” 解题思路：题目说人类学家从不止一个角度来定义文化。而文中恰好从广义和狭义来定义文化，故正确答案为TRUE。 Question 18 答案：NOT GIVEN 关键词：anthropology 定位原文：无 解题思路：题目说考古学比人类学要求更加苛刻。原文当中没有提到题目中的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。 Question 19 答案：NO 关键词：Europe, 3,000 BC 定位原文：第8段最终一句“Conventiona
16、l historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the world.” 解题思路：题目说的是欧洲的历史自公元前3000年就有记录了。原文中的表述是传统的历史始于公元前3000左右西亚的文字记载，而世界的其他大多数地区的历史要比这晚许多。因此答案为FALSE。 Question 20-21 答案：DE (IN EITHER ORDER) 关键词：anthrop
17、ology 定位原文：第4段最终1句“Anthropology is thus a broad discipline so broad that it is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology and archaeology.” 第5段首句“Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of huma
18、n biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved.” 解题思路：该题的要求是从AE五个选项中选出文中提到的两个关于人类学的陈述。依据文章结构分別在第4段最终1句及第5段首句找到答案即选项D和E。 Question 22-23 答案：CD (IN EITHER ORDER) 关键词：tasks/archaeologist 定位原文：第7段 解题思路：该题的要求是从A-E五个选项中选出文中提到的两个考古学家的任务。依据文章结构可以在原文第7段当中找到答案，分别为选项C及选项D。 Question 24 答案：oral his
19、tories 关键词：written records/equally valuable 定位原文：原文倒数第2段最终1句“ but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories.” 解题思路：这句话中和written records形成对应的只有原文倒数第2段最终一句中的oral histories词组。 Question 25-26 答案：humanistic study/historical discipline 关键词：archaeology 定位原文：最终1段
20、第1句“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline.” 解题思路：依据定位信息可知，答案为humanistic study或historical discipline。 Question 27 答案：scientist 关键词：compare/style 定位原文：最终1段倒数第2句“In this respect, th
21、e practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarise the pattern observed in the data.” 解题思路：原文最终1段倒数第2句很明显
22、的告知我们，被作者用来和考古学家进行比较的只有一种人即科学家。因此答案为scientist。 Question 28 答案：iv 关键词：无 定位原文：section A 解题思路：文中说到在经济发达的社会，每一个卫生系统都须要做出确定：在卫生保健方面投入资源应占社会全部资源的多大比例什么形式的治疗是最节约成本的?由此可见原文首段均在围绕发达国家共同面对的问题进行阐述，所以答案为选项iv。 Question 29 答案：i 关键词：无 定位原文：Section C 第1句“However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of
23、the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life.” 解题思路：首句的主要意思是：然而，就在这种认为卫生资源是有限的新思想无影无踪的同时，一种相反的思想在西方社会发展起来了。这种思想认为享受卫生保健是
24、人们的一项基本权利(basic right)，而这种权利是人们正常生活的必要条件。直到该段末句，都在阐述医疗和人权的关系问题，因此答案为选项i。 Question 30 答案：iii 关键词：无 定位原文：Section D 第2句“It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate heath-care resources are provided out of the public purse.” 解题思路：该段第2句的表述是：还有
25、一个观点也是被普遍接受的：这种权利使得国家有义务有责任确保从公共预算中划拨足够的资金供应卫生服务。该段由此直到末句都在阐述国家在保障医疗服务中的应担当的义务及扮演的角色，因此答案为选项iii。 Question 31 答案：v 关键词：无 定位原文：Section E 第2句“The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of heath-care resources stem from the dramatic rise in heath
26、costs in most OECD countries” 解题思路：该段第2句的表述为：大多数经合发展组织的国家的卫生费用急剧增加，这再一次引发了一系列变更，使人们起先关注医疗卫生资源的安排问题。下面内容均是针对该句所举的详细例子及这一系列变更带来的结果或影响，因此答案为选项v。 Question 32 答案：B 关键词：resources/limited 定位原文：Section B第2句至第4句“Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, 'limits to growth'” 解题思路：题目说人们意识到医疗资源是有限的。原文中“在20世纪50年头和60年
27、头，西方社会出现了一种意识：化石燃料能源的供应资源是有限的，换句话说，我们起先意识到一个自不待言的事实，就是增长是有限制的。”因此答案为B。 Question 33 答案：B 关键词：rise/cost 定位原文：Section E 第2句“The second set of more specific changesconsumers of health-care resources.” 解题思路：题目说医疗保健费用的急剧上涨。原文“大规模的人口数量及社会的改变导致大多数经济合作发展组织的国家的卫生费用急剧增加，这再一次引发了一系列变更，使人们起先关注医疗卫生资源的安排问题。”结合例子当中的
28、时间，得出答案即选项B。 Question 34 答案：A 关键词：belief/economic growth 定位原文：Section B最终一句“Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, . ” 解题思路：题目中说到一种观点：经济的增长能够产生全部人们所需的医疗资源。原文“回溯起来，有一个观点现在看来不行
29、思议：在1939年到1945年的世界大战结束后的几年内，许多国家建立了国民卫生体系，人们认为这样的国民卫生体系至少在理论上能够满意任何人群的全部基础卫生需求，经济增长中看不见的手将供应一切所需”因此答案为A。 Question 35 答案：B 关键词：guaranteeing/provision 定位原文：Section D第2句及第3句“It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources a
30、re provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided.” 解题思路：题目的意思是接受国家在供应医疗保障中的角色。原文“还有一个观点也是被普遍接受的：这种权利使得国家有义务有责任确保从公共预算中划拨足够的资金供应卫生服务。国家本身没有义务去建立卫生健康体系，但是有义务去保证这样一个体系的存在。”结合该段首句中的时间1970s，答案为选项B。 Questi
31、on 36 答案：NO 关键词：Personal liberty 定位原文：Section C最终两句“People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition o
32、f the exercise of autonomy.” 解题思路：文中说到假如为贫困而苦恼，或者被剥夺了基础教化，或者没有生活在法律法规的框架下，那么人们就不能拥有个人自由，自主行事。同样，基础卫生保健也是人实现自由的一个条件。很明显个人自由和医疗保健是亲密相关的，因此答案为NO。 Question 37 答案：YES 关键词：right, limits 定位原文：Section C第1句“However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resou
33、rces was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life.” 解题思路：原文表达的意思是：就在人们起先了解到医疗资源是有限的同时，一种相反的思想在西方社会发展起来了。这种思想认为享受卫生保健是人们的一项基本权利，而种权利是人们正常生活的必要条件。原文和题目的表述一样，因此答案为YES。 Q
34、uestion 38 答案：YES 关键词：OECD countries 定位原文：Section E第2句“The second set of more specific changesconsumers of health-care resources.” 解题思路：文中说到大规模的人口数量及社会的改变导致大多数经济合作发展组织的国家的卫生费用急剧增加，这再一次引发了一系列变更，使人们起先关注医疗卫生资源的安排问题。与题干中说的“近年来，OECD国家人口数量的变更对医疗费用产生了影响”一样，故答案为YES。 Question 39 答案：NOT GIVEN 关键词：OECD governm
35、ent 定位原文：Section E 解题思路：题干中说OECD国家的政府始终低估了医疗供应的需求程度。依据大写字母词汇OECD定位到原文E段，该段没有提到题目中的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。 Question 40 答案：GIVEN 关键词：Economically developed countries, elderly 定位原文：E段 解题思路：题干中说在大多数经济发达国家，老年人将不得不为他们的将来医疗做一些特别的打算。原文中E段提到了elderly people，但是没有提到题目中的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。 剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test4) Passage
36、1 参考译文 How much higher? How much faster? Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight 多高?多快? 人类的运动极限没有终点 Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how hi
37、gh they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In th
38、e endurance events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Moroccos Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster. 自从20世纪早期国际田联起先记录成果以来，运动员奔跑的速度，跳的高度，投掷重物的距离都在稳步提髙。在那些须要爆
39、发力的项目，比如100米跑和跳远项目中，时间和距离都提高了10%-20%。在耐力项目中，运动成果提高得更多。1908年的奥运会上，美国队的约翰?海因跑出了2小时55分18秒的马拉松成果。在1999年，摩洛哥的选手海耶斯以2小时05分42秒的成果创建了新的世界记录，几乎提高了30%。 No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics. The athlete must choose his parents carefully, says Je
40、sus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited adage. Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics and greater rewards to tempt athletes it is more likely that individuals
41、possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. Was there someone like sprinter Michael Johnson in the 1920s? Dapena asks. Im sure there was, but his talent was probably never realised. 没有任何一个人的理论可以说明成果的提高，但是最重要的因素是基因。印第安纳高校的运动科学家Jesus Dapena援引一常用谚语说“运动员必需
42、当心选择自己的父母。”在过去的一个世纪里，人类基因库的成分并没有显著地改变，只是全世界有越来越多的人参加了这项运动，诱惑运动员提髙成果的物质嘉奖也越来越多，因此现在比以往更有可能尽早发觉那些独具运动员基因的个体。Dapena问道：“在20世纪20年头，能找到像短跑运动员迈克?杰克逊一样的人吗?我敢确定是能的，只是人们从未意识到他身上具有的才能。” Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science
43、at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than weve been going. Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are r
44、unning on their genetics. By applying more scientific methods, theyre going to go much faster. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union. 识别基因优秀的个体只是第一步。加州高校FuUerton分校的运
45、动科学系的退休教授Michael Yessis认为基因在运动员的表现上只起三分之一的作用。但是，辅以正确的训练，我们可以做得更好。他认为美国的赛跑选手尽管已取得了众多骄人成果，但他们是“靠他们的基因在跑”。通过运用更多的科学训练方法，“他们将跑得更快”。这些方法包括力气训练。这些训练再现运动员在竞赛中的动作，并应用了前苏联首先运用的一种训练技巧增加式训练模式。 Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off. Plyomet