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1、Unit 1If you ask me, real life is not all its cracked up to be. Twelve years at school and three years atuniversity, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered lifeas students, and what do I find?Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, somet
2、imes with people (especially boys,god, when will they grow up?), but mostly with money. Its just so expensive out here! Everyonewants a slice off you. The Inland Revenue wants to deduct income tax, the bank manager wantsrepayments on my student loan, the landlord wants the rent, gas, water, electric
3、ity and my mobilebills keep coming in, and all thats before Ive had anything to eat. And then some bright spark callsme out of the blue, asking if Im interested in buying a pension. At this rate, I wont even last till theend of the year, let alone till Im 60。依我看，现实生活并没有人们想象的那么好。我们上了12 年的中、小学，又上了3 年的
4、大学，这期间老师们一直在没完没了地谈论在备受呵护的学生生活之外的那个广阔天地里的各种机会， 可我遇到的又是什么呢？无论我怎么想保持心情愉快，可麻烦事总是接踵而来：有时是和人发生矛盾（尤其是跟男孩子，天哪！他们什么时候才能长大？），但通常是为钱发愁。这个地方什么东西都很贵！人人都想从我身上赚点钱：税务局要收个人所得税，银行经理要我偿清学生贷款，房东催我交房租、燃气费、水费、电费，手机账单也不断地寄来。所有这些还没算上吃饭的钱。更可气的是，不知从哪里冒出一个自作聪明的家伙给我打电话，问我要不要买养老金。照这样下去，我甚至都支撑不到年底，更别提活到60 岁领养老金了。2. 我认为，选修第二专业并不合
5、适每一位本科生。我大学本科主修英语专业，大一时就开始辅修经济学了。无疑，我是班里最用功的学生。我竭尽全力想同时达到两个不同专业的要求，但还是有不及格的时候。因为经济学需要良好的数学基础，我不得不花大量时间钻研数学，因而忽略了英语学习。第二学期，英国文学及宏观经济学两门课不及格给我敲响了警种，这可是我一生中第一次考试不及格， 这大大打击了我的自信心。 虽然我不是一个容易向命运低头的人， 在暑假结束的时候，我还是决定放弃经济学，以免两个专业都难以完成。当我只需修一个专业的时候，一切似乎又回到了正轨。(if you ask me; odds; try as might; sap ones confi
6、dence; g iven that; bow to fate; come to aclose; for fear that; now that)If you ask me, taking a second major isnt good for every undergraduate. In my freshman yearas an English major, I took economics as my minor. By all odds, I was the most hardworking studentin my class. But try as I might to mee
7、t the requirements of the two different subjects, I still couldntdo well enough to pass all the exams.Given that the study of economics required a good commandof mathematics, I had to spend so much time on math that I neglected my English major.Failing English Literature and Macro-economics in the s
8、econd semester sounded the alarm forme. This was the first time I did not pass a course in my life, which had greatly sapped myconfidence.Although I was not a man who would easily bow to fate, as the summer break came to aclose, I decided to give up economics for fear that I would fail in both subje
9、cts. Now that I had onlyone subject to attend to, everything seemed to be on the right track again.Unit 21，Indubitably the vast majority of books overlap one another. Few indeed are those which give theimpression of originality, either in style or in content. Rare are the unique booksless than 50,pe
10、rhaps, out of the whole storehouse of literature. In one of his recent autobiographical novels,Blaise Cendrars points out that Rmy de Gourmont, because of his knowledge and awareness ofthis repetitive quality in books, was able to select and read all that is worthwhile in the entire realmof literatu
11、re. Cendrars himselfwho would suspect it?is a prodigious reader. He reads mostauthors in their original tongue. Not only that, but when he likes an author he reads every last bookthe man has written, as well as his letters and all the books that have been written about him. In ourday his case is alm
12、ost unparalleled, I imagine. For, not only has he read widely and deeply, but hehas himself written a great many books. All on the side, as it were. For, if he is anything, Cendrars,he is a man of action, an adventurer and explorer, a man who has known how to waste his timeroyally. He is, in a sense
13、, the Julius Caesar of literature。不容置疑的是， 大多数书都互相重复， 在文体或内容上让人感到具有独创性的书实在是少之又少。在整个文学库藏中，只有极少数作品或许不到 50 本是独具一格的。在最近出版的一部自传体小说中，布莱斯桑德拉尔指出，古尔蒙之所以能够选择并通读文学领域中一切值得读的书籍，就是因为他知识渊博，并且了解书的这种重复性。桑德拉尔本人就是一个博览群书的人，没有人会怀疑这一点。他阅读了大部分作家的原作。不仅如此，一旦他喜欢上一个作家，他就会阅读这个作家写的每一本书，包括他的书信以及所有有关他的书籍。我猜想，在当今世界上，几乎没有人能像他一样，不仅读得
14、广、读得精，而且还著述颇丰。可以说这一切都是在业余时间完成的。因为桑德拉尔是一个十足的行动家，一个四处跋涉的冒险家和探险家，一个懂得如何“肆意浪费”时间的人。从某种意义上说，他是文学界的凯撒大帝。2. 张磊是在毕业工作后才开始意识到读书的乐趣的。反思自己的大学教育时，他感慨不已：他的一些同学都沉浸于从图书馆或书店找到的各种有趣的书籍， 而他却只读了一些教科书， 其中连一本真正能让他爱不释手、值得一读的书都没有。他可以说是被剥夺了通过书了解作家奇妙世界的特权。如今，他嗜书如命，废寝忘食，好像要把大学期间没机会读的好书全都读一遍。到目前为止他已经利用业余时间读了几百本小说、传记和游记。他意识到书不
15、仅能向他展示一个充满希望的前景，帮他消除现实生活中的压力和疲劳，而且能够帮他澄清一些误解，找到生活的真谛。(reflect on; in onesitting; lay hands on; immerse in; worthwhile; privilege; withstand; vista)It was not until after he had graduated from university and started to work that Zhang Leibecame aware of the pleasure of reading. Reflecting on his unde
16、rgraduate studies, he lamentedthat he, unlike his classmates who had immersed themselves in various interesting books theywere able to lay hands on from the library or bookshop, had only read textbooks, none of which wasreally worthwhile, or could be read in one sitting. He was deprived of the privi
17、lege of gaining accessto the writers fantastic worlds through the windows their books have opened, so to speak.Now he has become an avid and omnivorous reader. It is as if he wants to make up for thosemarvelous books he hadnt had a chance to read in his university days. By now, in his spare time,he
18、has read several hundreds of books, including novels, biographies and travel notes. He realizesthat books can not only reveal to him the vista of a hopeful future and help him withstand stressesand strains, they can also help him clear up some misconceptions and discover the true meaning ofthe life.
19、Unit 3Sometimes the hemline indicator, as its called, can even precede and predict a change in themood of the stock market longbefore it actually happens. In September 2007, at the New Yorkfashion shows, which were displaying their styles for spring 2008, the trend was for much longerdresses and ski
20、rts, many to mid-calf or even down to the ankles. Some people felt this showed thatthe hemline indicator was no longer reliable, andthat designers no longer dictated what peoplewould wear. During the London and New York fashion shows in September 2008, hemlinescontinued to drop. But sure enough, in
21、the fall of 2008, the stock market indexes fell dramaticallywhen the banking crisis hit the US, Europe and then the rest of the world. Hemlines were no longerfollowing the stock marketthey were showing the way and indicating future economic trends.有时候，所谓的裙摆标志甚至能够预示股市的行情。2007 年 9 月的纽约时装展展示了 2008 年春季流
22、行式样，潮流转向了长衣、长裙，裙摆长及小腿中部，甚至到了脚踝。有人觉得这表明裙摆标志靠不住了，服装设计师已经丧失了对时装的主宰权。2008 年 9 月，在伦敦和纽约时装展中，裙摆的高度继续降低。果然，2008 年秋天金融危机袭击欧美，并波及全球，股指急剧下跌。这时，裙摆不再被动地追随股市的变化，而是预示股市行情及未来的经济趋势。2.一个人的穿着似乎能影响他的行为方式。譬如，在校内要穿校服是中小学生所必须严格遵守的规矩之一。倘若在学生着装整齐划一和行为的统一规范之间不存在一种象征性关联的话， 校服便不可能如此盛行。然而，多年的学校生活让学生在内心里对随处可见的校服产生了抵触情绪， 校服毕竟压制了
23、个性的表达。为了弥补这种损失，学生常常会在周末穿流行的休闲装。直到上了大学，他们才会享受真正的着装自由，而服装上的无序与大学培养创造力、鼓励自由表达思想及展露才华密切相关。可惜这样的好景不会太长，经过一段相对短暂的自由之后，他们在毕业工作之后将再次经历着装规范的压力。(hard and fast; there is no doubt that; currency; correlation; backlash; ubiquitous; compensate for;anarchy; obtain; revive).What you wear seems to dictate the kind o
24、f person you are supposed to be. Take primaryschool and high school students for example. One of the hard and fast rules they have to observe isthat they must wear uniforms at school. There is nodoubt that school uniforms wouldnot haveachieved their currency without a symbolic correlation between th
25、e uniformity of clothes and thestudents conformity to some common code of conduct.However, after years of school life, there is always a backlash secretly nursed in the studentsmind against the ubiquitous uniform which suppresses the expression of individuality. Tocompensate for this loss, students
26、try to hunt for more casual and popular clothes and wear themon weekends. It is not until they start university, however, that they can really enjoy the freedom ofdress, an anarchy associated with the cultivation of creativity and the encouragement of the freeexpression of ideas and talents. But thi
27、s situation wont obtain for long. After a relatively short timeof liberty, they may experience again the revived pressure of dress code as soon as they becomeprofessionals.Unit 4Today, while most of us marry for romantic reasons, marriage at its core is still a financial union.So much of what we wan
28、tor dont wantout of life boils down to dollars and cents, whether itshow hard we choose to work, how much we consume or how much we save. For some people, itsworking 80-hour weeks to finance a third home and country club membership; for others, it meanscutting back on office hours to spend more time
29、 with the family.A lot of the debates people have about money are code for how we want to live our lives,said Betsey Stevenson, assistant professor of business and public policy at the University ofPennsylvanias Wharton School, who researches the economics of marriage and divorce. A lot ofthe choice
30、s we make in how we want to live our lives involve how we spend our money.Making those choices as a team is one of the most important ways to preserve your maritalassets, and your union, experts say. But its that much easier when you already share similaroutlooks on money mattersor when you can, at
31、the very least, find some middle ground.如今，尽管我们大多数人是因相爱而结婚，婚姻从根本上讲仍然是金钱上的结合。不管是工作的努力程度，还是决定消费多少或储蓄多少， 我们生活中想要得到的或不想得到的许多东西归根结底都跟钱有关。对一些人来说，他们想要的就是一周工作80 小时来支付第三套房的房款和乡村俱乐部的会员费；而对另一些人来说，他们想缩短上班时间，花更多的时间陪伴家人。“有关钱的许多争论是提示我们想如何生活的密码，而生活方式的许多选择则与如何花钱密切相关。”宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院的商业及公共政策助理教授贝齐史蒂文森如是说，他研究婚姻和离婚经济学。专家们
32、说，夫妻共同做出这些选择是维护婚姻资产及婚姻关系的最重要的方法之一。当然，如果夫妻双方一开始就在钱的问题上看法相似， 或者至少能够在钱的问题上相互妥协， 那么事情就好办多了。2.谈及目前经济萧条所带来的影响，学生活动的减少就是一个很好的例证。为了活跃校园生活，大学愿意划拨一部分资金来资助学生社团活动， 但由于今年学校的预算大幅减少， 对社团的资助也相应缩减了不少。显然，学生社团要恢复以前的活力就必须想办法克服自身的经济困难。有人主张招募更多会员，因为会员费的增加可以帮助他们度过难关。当然， 如果有更多的会员交年费， 而且缩减一些日常开支， 我们还是能省下一些钱来组织活动的。但是，问题的关键在于
33、社团活动的费用与参加活动的人数是成正比的，因此这种方法恐怕不太可行。要推进社团活动，同时又不使经费超支，我们必须群策群力，拿出别的筹钱方法，而不是仅仅依赖学校拨款和会员费。(when it comes to; carve out; pare down; cut back on; bottom line; go into the red;pool; in lieu of)When it comes to the effects of the current economic downturn, the decrease of studentactivities is a good case in
34、 point. To enliven campus life, the university is always willing to carve outmoney for activities organized by student clubs and societies, but such sponsorshipshave beenpared down this year because of huge budget cut. Apparently, student organizations need toweather their own financial crisis if th
35、ey want to recover from their current state of inactiveness.Some suggest enrolling more club members, on the ground that the consequent increase ofmembership fees may help them get out of the difficulty.No doubt, if we have more members paying the annual fee, and if we cut back on our dailyexpenses,
36、 we can spare some money for organizing activities. But the bottom line is that theexpenses of these activities are in proportion to the number of participants. Im afraid this wont beof much help. To boost student activities and to avoid going into the red, we still need to pool ourideas and come up
37、 with some other ways of raising money, in lieu of relying only on universitygrants and membership fees.Unit 5Women cant even fill out a form without telling stories about themselves. Most applicationforms now give four choices for titles. Men have one to chooseMr.so their choice carries nomeaning o
38、ther than to say they are male. But women must choose among three, each of themmarked. A woman who checks the box for Mrs. or Miss communicates not only whether she hasbeen married but also that she has conservative tastes in forms of address, and probably otherconservative values as well. Checking
39、Ms. declines to let on about marriage (whereas Mr.declines nothing since nothing was asked), but it also marks the woman who checks it on her formas either liberated or rebellious, depending on the attitudes and assumptions of the one making thejudgment.I sometimes try to duck these variously marked
40、 choices by giving my title as Dr. and therebyrisk marking myself as either uppity (hence sarcastic responses like Excuse me !) or anover-achiever (hence reactions of congratulatory surprise, like Good for you!).女人一填表就会暴露自己的个人经历。 现在大多数的申请表会给出四种称谓选择。 男人只有一种选择，即“先生”（Mr.），这除了表明他们是男性之外没有其他任何含义。女人则必须从三种称
41、谓中选一个，而任何一种都是标记性的。如果一位女士勾选了“太太”（Mrs.）或者“小姐”（Miss）的称谓，那么她不仅暴露了自己的婚姻状况， 而且还表明她在称谓方面很保守， 或许在其他价值观念方面也很保守。如果她选择“女士”（Ms.）这一称谓，那么说明她拒绝透露自己的婚姻状况（而男士选“先生”这个称谓时则没有故意隐瞒任何事情，因为本来就没有要求他透露婚姻信息）。另外，在表格中勾选“女士”这一称谓的人会被标记为思想解放的人或叛逆者，这就要看评判她的人持什么样的态度和看法了。我有时会选择“博士”头衔，以避开这几种带标记的称谓选项。但这么做又会给自己带来风险，标明自己要么骄傲自大（于是乎招来讥讽的反应
42、，比如“对不起，我不知道你是博士！”），要么是一个成功欲过强的人（那么对方的反应就是祝贺式的惊奇，比如“你真行！”）。2.我们对理想丈夫或理想妻子的假设显示出我们的性别期待以及我们对性别期待的反应。如果大多数年轻姑娘希望她们的未婚夫强悍、能干、可靠，那么小伙子们也就别无选择，只能把自己训练得强悍、能干、可靠，这样才能赢得女孩子的芳心。如果他们的做法与性别期待背道而驰，那么他们很可能会在悲叹自己的光棍生涯中度过下半辈子。 根据同样的不成文法则， 如果多数年轻男子希望他们的未婚妻温柔体贴、耐心、忠贞，认为这些比什么都重要，那么姑娘即便不是这种人，也会假装自己将来会成为贤妻良母。深入研究一下这种性别
43、期待，我们就会发现这是受生理和社会因素制约的。无疑，女性为孕育婴儿做好了生理准备，而男人则完全不适合这项工作。男人只有努力挣钱养家，才能让一家人过上好日子。(presumption; option; other than; bemoan; unwritten rule; to be prone to; let on; goes withoutsaying)Our presumptions about what ideal husbands or wives are like reveal a lot about our genderexpectations as well as our res
44、ponses to them. If most girls want their fiancs to be tough, capableand reliable, there is no more option left for young men other than to be trained as tough, capableand reliable if they want to win girls heart. If they act to the contrary, they will most probablybemoan their bachelors status for t
45、he rest of their lives. Following the same unwritten rule, if mostboys expect their fiances to be caring, patient and faithful more than anything else, girls are proneto let on that they will become faithful wives and loving mothers even if they are not the type.Looking into such gender expectations
46、, we may find that they are based on both physiologicaland social factors. It goes without saying that women are physically prepared to bear children,whereas men are utterly unfit for the job. Therefore, a family is better-off when its male membersdevote their time to providing food and other necess
47、ities for it.Unit 6The historian is not required to have the special skills which enable the expert to determine theorigin and period of a fragment of pottery or marble, to decipher an obscure inscription, or to makethe elaborate astronomical calculations necessary to establish a precise date. These
48、 so-calledbasic facts which are the same for all historians commonly belong to the category of the rawmaterials of the historian rather than of history itself. The second observation is that the necessity toestablish these basic facts rests not on any quality in the facts themselves, but on a priori
49、 decisionof the historian. In spite of C. P. Scotts motto, every journalist knows today that the most effectiveway to influence opinion is by the selection and arrangement of the appropriate facts. It used to besaid that facts speak for themselves. This is, of course, untrue. The facts speak only wh
50、en thehistorian calls on them: It is he who decides to which facts to give the floor, and in what order orcontext. It was, I think, one of Pirandellos characters who said that a fact is like a sackit wontstand up till youve put something in it. The only reason why we are interested to know that theb