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1、【医学免疫学】 【神经生物学】自己整理的英文资料http:/www.cc98.org/dispbbs.asp?boardID=241 M cell3. Factors influencing immunogenicity include: the foreignness, chemical composition, size, chemical complexity, degradability genetic factors and age of the host; the dose and entry route of antigen; adjuvants.4. Classificatio
2、n of antigens:Xenogenic Ag; Allogenic Ag, MHL antigen and blood type antigen;Autoantigen, the antigens of an organisms own cells and cell products are self antigens to the immune system of that organism. Heterophilic Ag, cross-reacting antigen that appear in widely ranging species. e.g. postinfectio
3、us glomerulonephritisIdiotypic Ag, the combined antigenic determinants found on antibodies of an individual that are directed at a particular antigen; can be found in the variable region. 5. Basic structure of immunoglobulin:isotype: IgM IgD IgA IgE IgGH chain: light chain: Immunoglobulin fragments:
4、 papainFab*2+Fc; pepsinF(ab)2+pFcHave no hinge region: IgM IgE Have joining chain: sIgA IgMImmunoglobulin in the serum: IgGIgAIgMIgDIgE6. Cytokine classification according to their function:1)Colony stimulating factor(CSF) 2) Interleukin (IL) 3) Interferon (IFN)4) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 5) Grow
5、th factor (GF) 6) Chemokine7. Cytokines “of character”IL-2 receptor subfamily (IL-2,4,7,9,15) have a common chain, defective chain can lead to XSCID (X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency)IL-2, IFN-, TNF:T0T1; IL-4, IL-5, IL-10:T0 T2TGF-, IL-10 inhibiting the activity of effect cells.8. Cytokine
6、 receptor families: immunoglobulin superfamily receptors; classI cytokine receptors (hematopoietin); classII cytokine receptors (interferon); TNF receptors; chemokine receptors; soluble cytokine receptors9. Categories of cell adhesion molecules(CAM)1) Integrin family, primarily mediate the cellular
7、adherence to extracellular matrix, 1、2、32) Selectin family, includes L-selectin, P-selectin and E-selectin, play important roles in leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, inflammation and lymphocyte homing.3) Cadherin 4) IGSF (immunoglobulin superfamily)5) Mucin-like vascular addressin family 6) Others:
8、 PNAd, CD44, CD36CAM on T cells and APCsT cell: TCR CD4/CD8 CD28 LFA-1APC: Ag-MHC MHC / B7(CD80/CD86) ICAM-19. Detection of T cell proliferation: Morphology; 3H-thymidine labeling; MTT; FACS-CFSE staining. CTL assay:Cr51 release; FACS-DIOC/PI staining; Detection of Cytokine production: Real-time PCR
9、 (mRNA Level); ELISA/ELISPOT; Intracellular staining (FACS). Isolation of 10. comparison of MHC class I class II molecule Autoimmune diseases; B27Ankylosing apondylitis; DR3SLE; DR4rheumatoid arthritis13. Structure of BCR: mIgM CD21: complement receptor).Co-stimulatory molecules: CD40; CD80/86; ICAM
10、-1(CD54); LFA-1 (signal 2 transtuction)14. Key components of T cell help for B cell differentiation: CD40. CD40L-deficiency “hyper-IgM syndrome” (no isotype switching, no Germinal Centers)15. Heavy chain class switching in B cells is initiated by CD40L-mediated signals, and switching to different cl
11、asses is stimulated by different cytokines.16. Essential requirement of vaccine: safe, effective, practical17. Agents used in active immunization: inactivated vaccine (dead vaccine), attenuated vaccine (live vaccine), and toxoid. Agents used in passive immunization: antitoxins, human Ig, cytokines and monoclonal antibody.18. Function and mechanism of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tr)Function: Down-regulation of immune response by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells.Mechanisms: Direct inhibition by contacting target cells. Inhibitory cytokines:IL-10,TGF-etc