2022年北京在职攻读硕士联考考试真题卷(2).docx

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1、2022年北京在职攻读硕士联考考试真题卷(2)本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为180分钟,总分100分,60分及格。一、单项选择题(共50题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意) 1.阅读下面短文,回答下列五道题。 “韦编三绝”是说孔子读易次数之多,竟把编联简策的编绳翻断了多次。此语最早见于史记孔子世家。对“韦编”的“韦”如何理解新版辞海的解释是:“韦,熟牛皮。古代用竹简写书,用皮绳编缀,故日韦编。”这种说法其实是错误的。其一,现代的形声字古代常常写作假借字,汉代文献中此例不胜枚举。汉代许慎说文有“经,织从丝也”。许慎所用的“从”字,即今之形声字“纵”字的假借字。我们既知纵字在汉

2、代实写作“从”,那么我们把汉人(司马迁)写的“韦编”读作“纬编”,是合乎汉人用字常理的。纬编即编联简策的纬绳。因为古人常把纵横称作经纬,所以说文又称“纬,织衡丝也”。简书的竹简是纵向排列的,犹如织布帛的经线,编联简策的组绳则是横向编联的,犹如织布帛的纬线。据此,把横向编联简策的组绳称作“纬绳”、“韦编”是理所当然的。其二,古代简书并不一定是用皮绳编缀的。陈梦家在汉简缀述中写道:“所用以编简札为册者,多为丝纶,有时写作绳,有时写作编。苟勋穆天子传谓汲郡魏家所出皆竹简素丝编,南齐书文惠太子传记襄阳古冢所出考工记“竹简书,青丝编居延出土汉简册,则为麻绳。”毫无疑义,所谓“素丝编”、“青丝编”都是指的

3、丝绳。出土简册,则木简仅见用麻绳。除了“韦编三绝”的“韦”被释为皮绳外,尚不见任何关于用皮绳编联简册的记载和实物。根据全文提供的信息,下列分析不符合作者意思的一项是_。A“韦编三绝”的“韦”,实际上是“纬”的假借字B编联简策的“韦”是横向编联的,相当于织布帛的纬线C古代简书不用皮绳编缀D一直以来人们把“韦编三绝”的“韦”解释为“熟牛皮”,是错误的 2.阅读下面短文,回答下列五道题。 光,是人类的好朋友,是人类永远不可缺少的东西。 然而,过强过滥的光、变化过于迅速的光却是一种污染。现代都市里都讲究对建筑物进行豪华装饰,普遍采用大块的镜面玻璃、大理石贴面、钢化玻璃包装整座大厦,经阳光一照,白花花、

4、明晃晃。据测定,上述这些装饰比毛面砖石等外装饰建筑物的反光系数大10倍左右,远远超过人体所能承受的极限,对人造成干扰和伤害。 最基本的光污染是眩光污染。眩光是指过强的光线照射,它可以引起头晕目眩,使被照者视力下降,严重时甚至可造成失明。 眩光来自许多方面,玻璃或镜子对阳光的反射、照相用的聚光灯或闪光灯、汽车夜间行驶的照明灯、夜空中的闪电,以及冶炼工、玻璃工等长时间面对的熊熊炉火等,都属于眩光污染之列,都可以对人造成伤害。 有些光线如汽车灯、机场灯、闪电等,在白天不会令人有不舒服的感觉。可若在夜里出现,就显得格外明亮,很容易对人眼造成伤害。这是因为人眼中有两类感光细胞锥状细胞和杆状细胞,它们分别

5、适应明暗两种不同环境。在夜晚从门外进入灯光明亮的房间,或从明亮的屋子走到室外,眼睛常有几秒钟看不见东西,就是因为两种视觉细胞在转换职责。有时,明暗突然交替,它们来不及适应,人就会感觉不舒服,神经调节系统就会出现某种紊乱。尤其在黑暗环境,人的瞳孔开得很大,突遇强光,瞳孔来不及闭合,大量强光线进入眼内,可能造成眼损伤。夜间骑车人面对迎面过来的汽车的强光,就会出现这种不适应。尤其夜里的电焊枪、闪光灯等明暗交替出现的光,轮番刺激眼底,会使视网膜神经很快感觉疲劳,很容易引起视力下降。 不仅过强的光线是一种污染,过杂、过乱的光线也是一种污染。车站中心控制室里交替闪烁的信号灯,舞台旋转的各式彩灯就是这类例子

6、。它们的光线虽然不强,但因明灭不定,光线游移,很容易引起视觉疲劳,进而引起大脑疲劳,头晕头痛。人们常说在这种情况下感到“眼花缭乱”、“头晕目眩”,指的就是这种效应。长期在光线闪烁的环境中工作,会使人的视力受到影响,甚至导致某种程度的视力下降。 光污染还有一类特殊形式,就是视觉污染,就是指杂乱无章的环境对人的视觉和情绪的不良影响。人们都有过这样的感觉,走进一个整洁、干净明亮的环境,心情会格外舒畅,情绪很高;相反,如果看到周围的一切都是乱糟糟的,就会感到心情烦躁,情绪低落。尤其是城市的街道上车水马龙,再加上污秽的垃圾、杂乱的货摊、乱七八糟的招贴广告等,视觉污染特别严重。 还有一种近年来出现的特殊光

7、污染激光污染。近年来,激光得到了广泛的应用,很多的节日装饰和舞台布置都采用了激光装置,激光光线到处可见,大有泛滥成灾之势。激光是一种指向性好、颜色纯、能量高、密度大的高能辐射光。即使是最弱的激光光束,在它照射到的地方产生的热量也比太阳的强光高几百倍。激光光束一旦进入人眼,经晶状体会聚,可使光强度提高几百倍甚至几万倍,眼底细胞,都会被烧伤。激光光谱还有一部分属紫外线和红外线频率范围,它们因不能被人眼看到,更容易误入人眼造成伤害。功率很大的激光甚至可以直接进入人体,危害人的深层组织和神经系统。 防治光污染关键在于加强城市规划管理,合理布置光源,使它起到美化环境的作用而不是制造光污染。对有紫外线和红

8、外线这类看不见的光污染的场所,必须采取必要的安全防护措施,最重要的还在于个人的防护意识。 (选自科学杂志2003年第6期,有改动)根据本文的内容,下列做法不利于减轻光污染对人的伤害的是_。A夜间出门时,戴上墨镜B从车站中心控制室调到城市市容清洁队C布置舞台时少用激光装置D对有紫外线、红外线的场所,采取安全防护措施 3.阅读下面短文,回答下列五道题。 2001年3月15日,北京大学教授于希贤来到抚仙湖,并组织考察组乘坐潜水器潜入湖底。他们利用声呐技术在水深15m处发现第一个目标。有一堵石墙,石料大小不一,每个石块上至少有一面到两面是平整的,带有人工加工过的痕迹。从声呐图上可以看到,该建筑区还具有

9、中轴线和类似普通城市里的“一般居民居住区”。从建筑特点看,它们带有明显的当地黎族的古代建筑风格。没有多久,声呐图上又发现新的目标。潜水器掉头搜寻,发现了一大片呈正南北向建造的建筑群落。群落不大,但石料加工更精细。石料三面都有加工的痕迹,十分平整精细,另外所有散落的石块都是有序排列的。这一区域还有数米宽的南北向石板大道。从这些可以看出,那个时代有相当高的文化水准。于教授推测,这里可能是古城的“富人区”。绕过石质城墙后,便是所谓的“贫民区”。 于教授说,通过对湖周围地区地理地质环境的考察和比较,可以肯定这座古城是在一次巨大的自然灾害中陷落湖底的。该建筑群依山傍水,位于小江断裂带西支的深断裂带上。公

10、元110年东汉时期这里曾经发生过一次大地震。于教授还说,尽管古城的年代还需要进一步确定,但是有一点可以肯定抚仙湖底确实有一座陷落的古滇时期建筑群落,且已经初具城市功能,因为具有不同级别的建筑群是判断能否构成城市的重要指标。该遗址面积有2.4km2,比世界著名的“庞贝古城”还要大。由于水下考察时没有发现任何动植物残骸及陶瓷、砖瓦的残片,这给探测年代带来了相当的困难,但从水下建筑群石料的打制方式来看,湖中古城与滇中发现的长城颇为相似,应与其处于同一时代,即距今约两千年。根据原文所给的信息,下列说法错误的是_。A抚仙湖古城是在水深15m处发现的B抚仙古城的建设具有对称特点C抚仙古城的建筑和石板大路都

11、是正南北向的D石料是抚仙古城重要的建筑材料 4.阅读下面短文,回答下列五道题。 在航天技术日益发展的21世纪,利用太空的特殊环境,制造真正的灵丹妙药以攻克威胁地球人的不治之症,不是无稽之谈。目前,激素、酶、抗体类特效药制剂都是通过选用哺乳动物细胞进行培养制取的,而在体外培养大量活细胞难度非常大。要使大量的细胞脱离原体后仍有生命功能,必须使它们依附他物,而且细胞之间互不干扰。没有可依附的物体表面,这些细胞不能存活,便谈不到制取有价值的生物制剂。生物学家通常让“培养细胞”分散依附在直径小于百万分之一英寸的特制塑料小球表面,将小球置于有培养介质液的罐中,使之吸收介质中的营养并进行新陈代谢。但是,在地

12、球重力作用下,小球往往会沉降,依附在球面上的细胞也会“叠罗汉”,下层的细胞在成为饿殍的过程中产生着毒素,上层的细胞则因兼容并蓄而前景堪忧。 如果在太空中,上述情况便会发生逆转。失重,会使“培养细胞”保持旺盛的活力。失重环境最利于生物物质的分离与提纯。生物学家和医药学家最感兴趣的电泳技术的作用在未来的太空制药厂里可以得到尽如人意的发挥。电泳技术是将质量和电荷的比值不同的粒子在电场中分离的一种方法。利用这种方法既可分离不同组分的混合物,又能分离细胞和蛋白质,甚至从“衰老”的细胞群中分离“年轻”的细胞。在地面上,所有粒子都会同时受到电场力和重力的作用,电泳操作难度极大。当电力培养细胞或培养介质受热时

13、,对流和沉淀现象将并发(往往以一种现象为主,如重力大于电场力,沉淀就将起主要作用)。对流或沉淀都会使已经分离的组分重新混合。克服此弊,需要创造失重环境。在“阿波罗一联盟”号飞船实验室中进行的电泳分离试验非常成功,从大约5%的肾细胞中分离出尿激素,其分离效率是地面上的610倍,而且质量极好。这种在地面上难以提取的尿激素是溶解血栓或凝血的特效药。航天飞机投入使用后,在机内空间实验室中多次进行了电泳试验,成功地从血浆中分离出激素、酶和蛋白质。太空生物制品专家K威斯指出,在太窄实验室利用电泳技术生产血浆蛋白的效率要比地球上高700倍。 发展太空制药业或生物制品的前景是非常广阔的。疫苗制品的生产,人体细

14、胞和白蛋白的提纯与制造,血红细胞生成素的配置都可能成为高科技、高盈利的生产项目。有人估计,仅疫苗一项,每年的经济收益将超过15亿美元。更重要的是,地球上数以百万计的“绝症”患者也会因太空的灵丹妙药而起死回生。对“电泳技术的作用”述说正确的一项是_。A电泳是在太空环境中分离与提纯生物物质的物理方法B电泳可以有效分离不同组分混合物的细胞和蛋白质C在失重情况下,将质量和电荷按不同的比值进行分离D可以在电场中将质量和电荷不同比值的粒子进行分离 5.阅读下面短文,回答下列五道题。 在航天技术日益发展的21世纪,利用太空的特殊环境,制造真正的灵丹妙药以攻克威胁地球人的不治之症,不是无稽之谈。目前,激素、酶

15、、抗体类特效药制剂都是通过选用哺乳动物细胞进行培养制取的,而在体外培养大量活细胞难度非常大。要使大量的细胞脱离原体后仍有生命功能,必须使它们依附他物,而且细胞之间互不干扰。没有可依附的物体表面,这些细胞不能存活,便谈不到制取有价值的生物制剂。生物学家通常让“培养细胞”分散依附在直径小于百万分之一英寸的特制塑料小球表面,将小球置于有培养介质液的罐中,使之吸收介质中的营养并进行新陈代谢。但是,在地球重力作用下,小球往往会沉降,依附在球面上的细胞也会“叠罗汉”,下层的细胞在成为饿殍的过程中产生着毒素,上层的细胞则因兼容并蓄而前景堪忧。 如果在太空中,上述情况便会发生逆转。失重,会使“培养细胞”保持旺

16、盛的活力。失重环境最利于生物物质的分离与提纯。生物学家和医药学家最感兴趣的电泳技术的作用在未来的太空制药厂里可以得到尽如人意的发挥。电泳技术是将质量和电荷的比值不同的粒子在电场中分离的一种方法。利用这种方法既可分离不同组分的混合物,又能分离细胞和蛋白质,甚至从“衰老”的细胞群中分离“年轻”的细胞。在地面上,所有粒子都会同时受到电场力和重力的作用,电泳操作难度极大。当电力培养细胞或培养介质受热时,对流和沉淀现象将并发(往往以一种现象为主,如重力大于电场力,沉淀就将起主要作用)。对流或沉淀都会使已经分离的组分重新混合。克服此弊,需要创造失重环境。在“阿波罗一联盟”号飞船实验室中进行的电泳分离试验非

17、常成功,从大约5%的肾细胞中分离出尿激素,其分离效率是地面上的610倍,而且质量极好。这种在地面上难以提取的尿激素是溶解血栓或凝血的特效药。航天飞机投入使用后,在机内空间实验室中多次进行了电泳试验,成功地从血浆中分离出激素、酶和蛋白质。太空生物制品专家K威斯指出,在太窄实验室利用电泳技术生产血浆蛋白的效率要比地球上高700倍。 发展太空制药业或生物制品的前景是非常广阔的。疫苗制品的生产,人体细胞和白蛋白的提纯与制造,血红细胞生成素的配置都可能成为高科技、高盈利的生产项目。有人估计,仅疫苗一项,每年的经济收益将超过15亿美元。更重要的是,地球上数以百万计的“绝症”患者也会因太空的灵丹妙药而起死回

18、生。属于成功利用电泳技术所作出的分离的一项是_。A分离不同组分的混合物B从“衰老”的细胞群中分离“年轻”的细胞C人体细胞和白蛋白的提纯与制造D从血浆中分离出激素、酶和蛋白质 6.阅读下面短文,回答下列五道题。 在航天技术日益发展的21世纪,利用太空的特殊环境,制造真正的灵丹妙药以攻克威胁地球人的不治之症,不是无稽之谈。目前,激素、酶、抗体类特效药制剂都是通过选用哺乳动物细胞进行培养制取的,而在体外培养大量活细胞难度非常大。要使大量的细胞脱离原体后仍有生命功能,必须使它们依附他物,而且细胞之间互不干扰。没有可依附的物体表面,这些细胞不能存活,便谈不到制取有价值的生物制剂。生物学家通常让“培养细胞

19、”分散依附在直径小于百万分之一英寸的特制塑料小球表面,将小球置于有培养介质液的罐中,使之吸收介质中的营养并进行新陈代谢。但是,在地球重力作用下,小球往往会沉降,依附在球面上的细胞也会“叠罗汉”,下层的细胞在成为饿殍的过程中产生着毒素,上层的细胞则因兼容并蓄而前景堪忧。 如果在太空中,上述情况便会发生逆转。失重,会使“培养细胞”保持旺盛的活力。失重环境最利于生物物质的分离与提纯。生物学家和医药学家最感兴趣的电泳技术的作用在未来的太空制药厂里可以得到尽如人意的发挥。电泳技术是将质量和电荷的比值不同的粒子在电场中分离的一种方法。利用这种方法既可分离不同组分的混合物,又能分离细胞和蛋白质,甚至从“衰老

20、”的细胞群中分离“年轻”的细胞。在地面上,所有粒子都会同时受到电场力和重力的作用,电泳操作难度极大。当电力培养细胞或培养介质受热时,对流和沉淀现象将并发(往往以一种现象为主,如重力大于电场力,沉淀就将起主要作用)。对流或沉淀都会使已经分离的组分重新混合。克服此弊,需要创造失重环境。在“阿波罗一联盟”号飞船实验室中进行的电泳分离试验非常成功,从大约5%的肾细胞中分离出尿激素,其分离效率是地面上的610倍,而且质量极好。这种在地面上难以提取的尿激素是溶解血栓或凝血的特效药。航天飞机投入使用后,在机内空间实验室中多次进行了电泳试验,成功地从血浆中分离出激素、酶和蛋白质。太空生物制品专家K威斯指出,在

21、太窄实验室利用电泳技术生产血浆蛋白的效率要比地球上高700倍。 发展太空制药业或生物制品的前景是非常广阔的。疫苗制品的生产,人体细胞和白蛋白的提纯与制造,血红细胞生成素的配置都可能成为高科技、高盈利的生产项目。有人估计,仅疫苗一项,每年的经济收益将超过15亿美元。更重要的是,地球上数以百万计的“绝症”患者也会因太空的灵丹妙药而起死回生。下列叙述中,不符合文意的一项是_。A在地球上无法进行甫乳动物细胞的体外培养,而在太空中能够顺利完成B利用太空的特殊环境提取生物制品的科学实验取得进展,研发前景看好C在太空实验室利用电泳技术提取生物激素、蛋白质等,效率高、质量好D发展太空制药与生物制品业将会取得良

22、好的社会效益和巨大的经济效益 7.Communication is the sending of information or news from one person to another. If human beings could not communicate with one another, each person would have to learn everything for himself. Although animals as well as men can communicate, so far as we know, they can express only t

23、he simple emotions like pain, joy, fear, hunger, anger and love. Some animals have a more advanced form of language using sounds, and others use a wide range of sounds and face movements, but we still have much to learn about these animal languages. Speech is the most important means of communicatio

24、n between people. But it is not the only one. Nor is it the oldest. We use facial expressions, gestures and hand movements to express our feelings and to send signals to other people. Animals use this body language a great deal. The sign language used by deaf people is an example of communication wi

25、thout speech, while blind people communicate largely through touch and hearing.According to the passage, what would happen to us without communicationAWe should learn everything for ourselves.BWe would become unable to speak.CWe couldnt live happily.DWe might have to do everything by ourselves. 8.In

26、 bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the childs acquisition (学会) of each new skill the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feel

27、ings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or w

28、ithout any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are sever over times of coming home at nigh

29、t or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the childs own happiness. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thi

30、ng one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality (道德). Also, parents should realize that example is better than precept. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach (说教), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for

31、 themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.Eagerly watching the childs acquisition of new skills _.Ashould be avoidedBis universal among parentsCsets up d

32、angerous states of worry in the childDwill make him lose interest in learning new things 9.No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess (公爵夫人) of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue. The problem with su

33、ch a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better-or worse-part of my life. Being rich wouldnt be bad either, but that wont happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly

34、 in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars. Where did we go off the track When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating, and excessive eating is one of Christianitys seven

35、deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being. Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of vi

36、rtue. The result is that being fat-or even only somewhat overweight-is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength. Our obsession (迷恋) with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being

37、overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem-too much fat a

38、nd a lack of fiber-than a weight problem. The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. W

39、e should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory (虚荣) .In the

40、eyes of the author, an odd phenomenon nowadays is that _.Areligious people are not necessarily virtuousBlooking slim is a symbol of having a large fortuneCbeing thin is viewed as a much desired qualityDthe Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtue 10.Communication is the sending of informa

41、tion or news from one person to another. If human beings could not communicate with one another, each person would have to learn everything for himself. Although animals as well as men can communicate, so far as we know, they can express only the simple emotions like pain, joy, fear, hunger, anger a

42、nd love. Some animals have a more advanced form of language using sounds, and others use a wide range of sounds and face movements, but we still have much to learn about these animal languages. Speech is the most important means of communication between people. But it is not the only one. Nor is it

43、the oldest. We use facial expressions, gestures and hand movements to express our feelings and to send signals to other people. Animals use this body language a great deal. The sign language used by deaf people is an example of communication without speech, while blind people communicate largely thr

44、ough touch and hearing.What does the passage say about animals communicationAThey have their advanced language in form of sound.BThey can express simple feelings such as hunger and pain.CSome of them can communicate with people very well.DAll of them can use sound to express themselves. 11.A few com

45、mon misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. Ones physical assets and liabilities dont count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best. Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not-so-bea

46、utiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of

47、 women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted. Un-American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this.

48、They give each member of a group-college students, perhaps, or teachers or corporate personnel managers a piece of paper relating an individuals accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average-looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the indivi

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