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1、2022云南同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试考前冲刺卷（2）本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共30题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.The Vikings have left many traces of their settlement which are still visible today. Archaeology provides physical evidence of their conquests, settlement and daily life. The study of place name
2、s and language shows the lasting effect which the Viking settlements had in the British Isles, and DNA analysis provides some insights into the effect the Vikings had on the genetic stock of the countries where they settled. All of this provides valuable information, but the only reason that we have
3、 an idea of the Vikings as a people is their appearance in the written sources. Unfortunately, the value of the written evidence is limited. Not a lot of evidence survives, and much of what we have is either uninformative or unreliable. Many popular ideas about Vikings are nineteenth-century inventi
4、ons. Others are the result of early historians accepting sources which modern scholars now regard as completely unreliable. In Scandinavia the Viking Age is regarded as part of prehistory because there are practically no contemporary written sources. Even in western Europe, the Viking Age is often s
5、een as part of the Dark Ages, from which comparatively few historical records have survived. Surviving accounts of Viking activity were almost exclusively written by clergymen (神职人员). These monastic chronicles (编年史) outline broadly what happened, at what date. There are also sources of a more direct
6、ly religious nature, such as the much-quoted letters of Alcuin, and Wulfstans famous Sermon of the Wolf , both of which chose to interpret the Viking raids as Gods punishment on the Anglo-Saxons for their sins. Even the chronicles reflect the fact that the Vikings often attacked monasteries for thei
7、r wealth, which created an obvious bias against them, and the hostile tone of these contemporary accounts has done much to create the popular image of Viking atrocities. However, modern historians have noted that the same sources show Christian rulers behaving equally unpleasantly, but without being
8、 condemned on religious grounds. We tend to think of the Vikings as a race of Scandinavian warriors, but the reality is more complex. Raids on the British Isles and the coasts of France and Spain were the work of Vikings from Norway and Denmark. The word Viking means one who lurks in a vik or bay, i
9、n effect, a pirate. The word Viking has come to describe a whole new age in Europe between about 800 and 1150. This is despite the fact that Vikings were not just pirates and warriors but also traders and colonists. But at the start of the Viking Age in the last decade of the 8th century, loot and a
10、dventure were the main goals of the Norwegians who raided in Scotland and Ireland and of the Danes who attacked England. Gold and silver treasures accumulated by the great monasteries could be converted into personal wealth and thus power, and captives could be sold as slaves. What better way for th
11、e young sons of good families to earn their way and see the worldThe reason why the Viking Age is regarded as part of the Dark Ages is that _Apeople at that time were often attacked for their wealth by the VikingsBliving conditions for both the Vikings and the Europeans were terribleCthe contemporar
12、y historians are practically in the dark about the VikingsDViking Age is a part of prehistory 2.(Writing) in a clear and terse style, the book (describes) the (authors) childhood experiences in a small town (just before) the outbreak of the Civil War.A. WritingB. describesC. authorsD. just before 3.
13、We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals cou
14、ld switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless Partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depress
15、ed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what wakens the immune system. Other researchers agree, Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University
16、School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are conditioned to confront with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively even
17、when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression. One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance
18、. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the sacch
19、arin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener duri
20、ng their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.The reason why the mice in Aders experiment avoided saccharin was that _ .Athey associated it with stomachac
21、hBit affected their immune systemsCit led to stomach painsDthey disliked its taste 4.The current emergency in Mexico City that has taken over our lives is nothing I could ever have imagined for me or my children. We are living in an environmental crisis, an air-pollution emergency of unprecedented s
22、everity. What it really means is that just to breathe here is to play a dangerous game with your health. As parents, what terrorizes us most are reports that children are at higher risk because they breathe more times per minute. What more can we do to protect them and ourselves Our pediatricians (儿
23、科医师的) medical recommendation was simple: abandon the city permanently. We are foreigners and we are among the small minority that can afford to leave. We are here because of my husbands work. We are fascinated by Mexicoits history and rich culture. We know that for us, this is a temporary danger. Ho
24、wever, we cannot stand for much longer the fear we feel for our boys. We cannot stop them from breathing. But for millions, there is no choice. Their lives, their jobs, their futures depend on being here. Thousands of Mexicans arrive each day in this city, desperate for economic opportunities. Thous
25、ands more are born here each day. Entire families work in the streets and practically live there. It is a familiar sight: as parents hawk goods at stoplights, their children play in the grassy highway dividers, breathing exhaust fumes. I feel guilty complaining about my personal situation; we wont b
26、e here long enough for our children to form the impression that skies are colored only gray. And yet the government cannot do what it must to end this problem. For any country, especially a developing Third World economy like Mexicos, the idea of barring from the capital city enough cars, closing en
27、ough factories and spending the necessary billions on public transportation is simply not an option. So when things get bad, as in the current emergency, Mexico takes half measuresprohibiting some more cars from circulating, stopping some factories from producingthat even its own officials concede a
28、rent adequate. The word emergency implies the unusual. But when daily life itself is an emergency, the concept loses its meaning. It is human nature to try to adapt to that which we cannot change, or to mislead ourselves into believing we can adapt.The purpose of the passage is to _ .Adescribe the h
29、armful air-pollutionBexplain the way to prevent air-pollutionCshow the worries about the air-pollutionDrecommend a method to avoid air-pollution 5.The Vikings have left many traces of their settlement which are still visible today. Archaeology provides physical evidence of their conquests, settlemen
30、t and daily life. The study of place names and language shows the lasting effect which the Viking settlements had in the British Isles, and DNA analysis provides some insights into the effect the Vikings had on the genetic stock of the countries where they settled. All of this provides valuable info
31、rmation, but the only reason that we have an idea of the Vikings as a people is their appearance in the written sources. Unfortunately, the value of the written evidence is limited. Not a lot of evidence survives, and much of what we have is either uninformative or unreliable. Many popular ideas abo
32、ut Vikings are nineteenth-century inventions. Others are the result of early historians accepting sources which modern scholars now regard as completely unreliable. In Scandinavia the Viking Age is regarded as part of prehistory because there are practically no contemporary written sources. Even in
33、western Europe, the Viking Age is often seen as part of the Dark Ages, from which comparatively few historical records have survived. Surviving accounts of Viking activity were almost exclusively written by clergymen (神职人员). These monastic chronicles (编年史) outline broadly what happened, at what date
34、. There are also sources of a more directly religious nature, such as the much-quoted letters of Alcuin, and Wulfstans famous Sermon of the Wolf , both of which chose to interpret the Viking raids as Gods punishment on the Anglo-Saxons for their sins. Even the chronicles reflect the fact that the Vi
35、kings often attacked monasteries for their wealth, which created an obvious bias against them, and the hostile tone of these contemporary accounts has done much to create the popular image of Viking atrocities. However, modern historians have noted that the same sources show Christian rulers behavin
36、g equally unpleasantly, but without being condemned on religious grounds. We tend to think of the Vikings as a race of Scandinavian warriors, but the reality is more complex. Raids on the British Isles and the coasts of France and Spain were the work of Vikings from Norway and Denmark. The word Viki
37、ng means one who lurks in a vik or bay, in effect, a pirate. The word Viking has come to describe a whole new age in Europe between about 800 and 1150. This is despite the fact that Vikings were not just pirates and warriors but also traders and colonists. But at the start of the Viking Age in the l
38、ast decade of the 8th century, loot and adventure were the main goals of the Norwegians who raided in Scotland and Ireland and of the Danes who attacked England. Gold and silver treasures accumulated by the great monasteries could be converted into personal wealth and thus power, and captives could
39、be sold as slaves. What better way for the young sons of good families to earn their way and see the worldThe Vikings atrocious image has been created by _ .AAnglo SaxonsBChristian rulersCAlcuinDchurchmen 6.Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development int
40、o a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be (56) in a single large building. The importance of interior design becomes (57) when we realize how much time we (58) surrounded by four wails. Whenever we need t
41、o be indoors, we want our surroundings to be (59) attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect (60) place to be appropriate to its use. You would be (61) ff the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look (62) the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldnt feel (63) in a business off
42、ice that has the appearance of a school. It soon becomes clear that the interior designers most important (64) is the function of the particular (65) . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and (66) few entries and exits will not work for (67) purpose, no matter
43、 how beautifully it might be (68) . Nevertheless, it is not easy to make suitable (69) for different kinds of space, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. (70) addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture according to the functions that nee
44、d to be served.Part ClozeDirections: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.As
45、pendBrequireCsettleDretain 7.Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷淡) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a
46、 healthy and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for p
47、rofit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was benef
48、icial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict. Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in thei
49、r organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financi