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1、2022北京职称英语考试真题卷（5）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1. 阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。 B Breastfeeding Can Cut Cardiovascular Risk/B Breastfeeding can reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke later in life and could prevent hundreds ofU
2、 (1) /Uof deaths each year, researchers said on Friday. Babies who ale breastfed have fewer childhood infections and allergies and are lessU (2) /Uto obesity. British scientists have now shown that breastfeeding and slow growth in the first weeks and months of life has a protective effectU (3) /Ucar
3、diovascular disease. Diets that promote more rapid growth put babies at risk many years later inU (4) /Uof raising their blood pressure, raising their cholesterol and increasing their tendency to diabetes and obesity-theU (5) /Umain risk factors for stroke and heart attack. said Professor Alan Lucas
4、 of the Institute of Child Health in London. Our evidence suggests that the reason why breast, fed babies do better is because they grow moreU (6) /Uin the early weeks. Lucas said the effects of breastfeeding on blood pressure and cholesterol later in life are greater thanU (7) /Uadults can do to co
5、ntrol the risk factors for, cardiovascular disease. Other than taking drugs. An estimated 17 million people die ofU (8) /Udisease, particularly heart attack and strokes, each year, according to the World Health Organization. Lucas and his colleagues compared the health of 216 teenagersU (9) /Uas bab
6、ies had either been breastfed or given different nutritional baby formulas. They reported theirU (10) /Uin The Lancet medical journal. The teenagers who had beenU (11) /Uhad a 14 percent lower ratio of bad to good cholesterol and lower concentrations of a protein that is a marker for cardiovascular
7、disease risk. The researchers also found that,U (12) /Uof the childs weight at birth the faster the infants grew in the early weeks and months of life. TheU (13) /Uwas their later risk of heart disease and stroke. The effect was theU (14) /Ufor both boys and girls. The more human milk you have in th
8、e newborn period the lower your cholesterol level is, the lower your blood pressure is 16 yearsU (15) /U, Lucas said. breastfeeding n. 母乳喂养 cardiovascular adj. (病等) 心血管的 allergy n. 过敏性 cholesterol n. 胆固醇 diabetes n. 糖尿病 obesity n. 肥胖 marker n. 标识,标志, AsmallerBgreaterCfasterDworse 2. 阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白
9、，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。 B Breastfeeding Can Cut Cardiovascular Risk/B Breastfeeding can reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke later in life and could prevent hundreds ofU (1) /Uof deaths each year, researchers said on Friday. Babies who ale breastfed have fewer childhood infection
10、s and allergies and are lessU (2) /Uto obesity. British scientists have now shown that breastfeeding and slow growth in the first weeks and months of life has a protective effectU (3) /Ucardiovascular disease. Diets that promote more rapid growth put babies at risk many years later inU (4) /Uof rais
11、ing their blood pressure, raising their cholesterol and increasing their tendency to diabetes and obesity-theU (5) /Umain risk factors for stroke and heart attack. said Professor Alan Lucas of the Institute of Child Health in London. Our evidence suggests that the reason why breast, fed babies do be
12、tter is because they grow moreU (6) /Uin the early weeks. Lucas said the effects of breastfeeding on blood pressure and cholesterol later in life are greater thanU (7) /Uadults can do to control the risk factors for, cardiovascular disease. Other than taking drugs. An estimated 17 million people die
13、 ofU (8) /Udisease, particularly heart attack and strokes, each year, according to the World Health Organization. Lucas and his colleagues compared the health of 216 teenagersU (9) /Uas babies had either been breastfed or given different nutritional baby formulas. They reported theirU (10) /Uin The
14、Lancet medical journal. The teenagers who had beenU (11) /Uhad a 14 percent lower ratio of bad to good cholesterol and lower concentrations of a protein that is a marker for cardiovascular disease risk. The researchers also found that,U (12) /Uof the childs weight at birth the faster the infants gre
15、w in the early weeks and months of life. TheU (13) /Uwas their later risk of heart disease and stroke. The effect was theU (14) /Ufor both boys and girls. The more human milk you have in the newborn period the lower your cholesterol level is, the lower your blood pressure is 16 yearsU (15) /U, Lucas
16、 said. breastfeeding n. 母乳喂养 cardiovascular adj. (病等) 心血管的 allergy n. 过敏性 cholesterol n. 胆固醇 diabetes n. 糖尿病 obesity n. 肥胖 marker n. 标识,标志, AtreeBfightCproperDsame 3. 阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。 B Breastfeeding Can Cut Cardiovascular Risk/B Breastfeeding can reduce the risk
17、of a heart attack or stroke later in life and could prevent hundreds ofU (1) /Uof deaths each year, researchers said on Friday. Babies who ale breastfed have fewer childhood infections and allergies and are lessU (2) /Uto obesity. British scientists have now shown that breastfeeding and slow growth
18、in the first weeks and months of life has a protective effectU (3) /Ucardiovascular disease. Diets that promote more rapid growth put babies at risk many years later inU (4) /Uof raising their blood pressure, raising their cholesterol and increasing their tendency to diabetes and obesity-theU (5) /U
19、main risk factors for stroke and heart attack. said Professor Alan Lucas of the Institute of Child Health in London. Our evidence suggests that the reason why breast, fed babies do better is because they grow moreU (6) /Uin the early weeks. Lucas said the effects of breastfeeding on blood pressure a
20、nd cholesterol later in life are greater thanU (7) /Uadults can do to control the risk factors for, cardiovascular disease. Other than taking drugs. An estimated 17 million people die ofU (8) /Udisease, particularly heart attack and strokes, each year, according to the World Health Organization. Luc
21、as and his colleagues compared the health of 216 teenagersU (9) /Uas babies had either been breastfed or given different nutritional baby formulas. They reported theirU (10) /Uin The Lancet medical journal. The teenagers who had beenU (11) /Uhad a 14 percent lower ratio of bad to good cholesterol an
22、d lower concentrations of a protein that is a marker for cardiovascular disease risk. The researchers also found that,U (12) /Uof the childs weight at birth the faster the infants grew in the early weeks and months of life. TheU (13) /Uwas their later risk of heart disease and stroke. The effect was
23、 theU (14) /Ufor both boys and girls. The more human milk you have in the newborn period the lower your cholesterol level is, the lower your blood pressure is 16 yearsU (15) /U, Lucas said. breastfeeding n. 母乳喂养 cardiovascular adj. (病等) 心血管的 allergy n. 过敏性 cholesterol n. 胆固醇 diabetes n. 糖尿病 obesity
24、n. 肥胖 marker n. 标识,标志, AlaterBafterClateDago 4.It’s in the CardsIn recent years, more and more people have been paying for things with credit cards. There are now 565 million credit cards worldwide, but it doesn’t stop there. Debit cards (电子记账卡) are being issued by banks, and store cards
25、 are being offered by many department stores. Bills and coins are gradually being replaced by plastic money. In many countries, phone cards have been introduced for people to use in pay phones. In addition, cards made of paper are being replaced by plastic ones by many organizations and clubs. For e
26、xample, if you belong to a sports club, your membership card may well be made of plastic.How safe is the plastic used to make these cards, though Until now, most cards have been made from a plastic called PVC. While PVC is being produced, harmful chemicals are released into the atmosphere. One of th
27、e most dangerous chemicals that is released is dioxin, which is known to cause cancer in humans. A further problem is that, when a PVC card is thrown away, it is not biodegradable; this means that it does not break down and cannot be recycled. Obviously, recycling reduces pollution of the environmen
28、t.The executive director of the environmental organization and charity Greenpeace, Peter Melchett, says, If there is a solution to this-and an alternative then it would be madness not to use it. Greenpeace has found a solution and an alternative. Their new credit card is made entirely from a biodegr
29、adable plastic that uses plants. The card breaks down in around three months in soil; in this way, it is recycled. In contrast, a PVC card lasts for centuries. Greenpeace hopes that many organizations will soon follow their example and issue cards that do not threaten the public health.Fewer and few
30、er credit cards are made of paper.()A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.Electronic Teaching 6.Dreams of FlightThe story of man’s dream of flight, of his desire to reach the stars, is as old as mankind itself. According to Greek legend, Daedalus was the first man to fly. He and his son had been kept
31、 on an island, in order to escape, Daedalus shaped wings of wax (蜡) into which he stuck bird feathers. During their flight, his son flew too high and the sun melted the wax. He was drowned in the sea. The father was supposed to have continued his Night and reached Sicily, several hundred miles away.
32、There is also an English legend of King Bladud who, during his rule in the ninth century B.C., used wings to fly. But his flight was short-lived and he fell to his death. The dream of flying continued, but in all the legends, the flier rose like a bird only to fall like a stone. It took hundreds of
33、years that men flew up into the air and returned to earth safely.The first man to approach flying on a scientific basis was an Englishman who lived during the thirteenth century. He looked at the air about us as a sea, and he believed that a balloon could float on the air just as a boat did on water
34、. Almost four hundred years later, an Italian priest applied his principle of air flight. He designed a boat, which would be held in the air by four hollow spheres (空心球). Each of the four balls was to be 20 feet in diameter (直径) and made of very thin copper. But his boat was never .built since it wa
35、s not possible to make spheres of such thin metal and such size in those days.After studying the flight of birds and the movement of the air, a great scientist of the fifteenth century concluded that birds flew because they flapped (摆动) their wings and that it was possible for man to do the same. So
36、 a kind of flapping-wing flying machine was invented. Many men tried and failed to fly with flying machines. It was not until 1890 that people discovered why this method would never succeed-man could not develop sufficient power with his arms and legs.How did Daedalus manage to escape to Sicily, acc
37、ording to the passage()A. He killed the guards and got out of the island.B. A god came to rescue him and took him away.C. His son came to rescue him and took him away.D. He made wings of wax and flew away from the island.7.Flying the Hypert Skies 8.Science and TruthFINAGLE is not a word that most pe
38、ople associate with science. One reason is that the image of the scientist is of one who always collects data in an impartial (51) for truth. In any debate - over intelligence, schooling, energy-the (51) science says usually disarms opposition.But scientists have long acknowledged the existence of a
39、 finagle factora tendency by many scientists to give a helpful change to the data to (53) desired results. The latest of the finagle factor in action comes from Stephen Jay Gould, a Harvard biologist, (54) has examined the important 19th century work of Dr. Samuel George Morton. Morton was famous in
40、 his time (55) analysing the brain size of the skulls as a measure of intelligence. He concluded that whites had the (56) brains, that the brains of Indians and Blacks were smaller, and therefore, that whites constitute a superior race.Gould went back to Morton’s original data and concluded th
41、at the (57) were an example of the finagle at work. He found that Morton’s discovery was made by leaving out embarrassing data, using incorrect procedures, making simple arithmetical (58) (always in his favour) and changing his criteria-again, always in favour of his argument. Morton has been
42、thoroughly discredited by now and scientists do not believe that brain size reflects (59) .But Gould went on to say Morton’s story is only an example of a common problem in (60) work. Some of the leading figures in science are believed to have (61) the finagle factor. Gould says that Isaac New
43、ton fudged out to support at least three central statements that he could not prove. And so (62) Claudius Ptolemy, the Greek astronomer, whose master work, Almagest, summed up the case for a solar system that had the earth as its centre. Recent studies indicate that Ptolemy (63) faked some key data
44、or resorted heavily to the finagle factor.All this is (64) because the finagle factor is still at work. For example, in the artificial sweetener controversy, for example, it is said that all the studies sponsored by the sugar industry find that the artificial sweetener is unsafe, while all the studi
45、es sponsored by the diet food industry find nothing (65) with it.51（）A.searchB.learningC.teachingD.dialogue9.It’s in the CardsIn recent years, more and more people have been paying for things with credit cards. There are now 565 million credit cards worldwide, but it doesn’t stop there.
46、Debit cards (电子记账卡) are being issued by banks, and store cards are being offered by many department stores. Bills and coins are gradually being replaced by plastic money. In many countries, phone cards have been introduced for people to use in pay phones. In addition, cards made of paper are being replaced by plastic ones by many organizations and clubs. For example, if you belong to a sports club, your membership card may well be made of plastic.How safe is t