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1、2021湖南职称英语考试考前冲刺卷（7）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Experiments enable young scientists to judge accurately what must be accepted and what must be viewed with (suspicion).AdoubtBbeliefCcuriosityDjudgment 2.The New Year is coming. We decided to give our roo
2、m a (thorough) clean.AcarefulBcompleteCrealDserious 3.Security officials say that computer crime is easy to accomplish and hard to (detect).AexplainBuncoverCdiscoverDignore 4.Starfish (cling to) stones by the suction of their innumerable tube feet.AattractBdestroyCswim over toDhold fast to 5.The doc
3、tors have (abandoned) the hope to rescue the old man.AleftBgiven upCturned downDrefused 6.Our company is (collaborating) with a Japanese firm in designing a new computer.AmergingBallocatingCcommunicatingDcooperating 7.Nurses The physicians in a hospital form the core of the medical staff. But they c
4、ould not provide effective medical care to their patients without the help of numerous other medical workers. From the angle of the patients, the nursing staff is particularly important. Nurses are usually in close contact with patients as long as they are in the hospital. A nurse does not study for
5、 as many years as a doctor. However, each must be equally trained. Caring for sick persons requires a great deal of patience and concern. Most nurses work long days, and they often must work at odd hours or during the night. The nursing staff in a hospital is usually quite large and various. Nursing
6、 services, after all, must be provided on a 24-hour basis. There are professional (专业的) nurses, practical nurses, nurses aids, and orderlies (勤杂工). The general term nurse refers to a person trained to offer bedside care to sick persons. Under the supervision (管理) of the head nurse, the nursing staff
7、 in a hospital ward must attend to patients needs. This responsibility continues around the clock, and so nurses must work in shifts. A shift is a period of duty, usually eight hours in length. The nurses on the ward rotate (轮换) their shifts. Some take turns working night duty; others work odd shift
8、s. All of them work out of a central area on the ward called the nurses station. A nurse must always be on her guard. She can never afford to be careless. This is true in all nursing situations , but it is especially true in the intensive care unit. Patients under intensive care are critically ill,
9、and they must be monitored at all times. The nurses who do intensive care duty have one of the most demanding jobs in the hospital.The physicians in a hospital are less important than the nursing staff.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned 8.Memory Class Stan Field knows what age can do to a persons memory, an
10、d hes not taking any chances with his. He chooses his food carefully and gets plenty of exercise. He also avoids stress, coca cola and cigarette smoke. Whats more, at breakfast each morning, the 69-year-old chemical engineer swallows a plateful of pills in the hope of boosting his brain power. Miche
11、lle Amove is less than half Fields age, but no less concerned about her memory. While working round the clock to finish a degree in film studies, the 33-year-old New Yorker had the alarming sensation that she had stopped retaining anything. I couldnt even remember names, she says. I thought, Oh, no,
12、 Im over 30. Its all downhill from here. Besides loading up on supplements, Amove signed up for a memory enhancing course at New Yorks Mount Siani Medical Center. And when she got there, she found herself surrounded by people who were just as worried as she was. For millions of Americans, and especi
13、ally for baby boomers (生育高峰出生的人) , the demands of the Information Age conflict with a sense of declining physical power. When boomers were in their 30s and 40s, they launched the fitness boom, says Cynthia Green, the psychologist who teaches Mount Sinais memory class. Now we have the mental-fitness
14、boom Memory is the boomers new life-crisis issue. And of course a major marketing opportunity. The demand for books and seminars has never been greater, says Jack Lannom, a longtime memory trainer whose weekly TV show, Mind Unlimited, goes out to 33 million homes on the Christian Network. Anxious co
15、nsumers are rushing to buy do-it-yourself programs and supplement makers are trying to sell everything but sawdust (木屑) as a brain booster. But before you get out your checkbook, a few questions are in order. Does everyday forgetfulness signal declining brain function Is megamemory (超级记忆) a realisti
16、c goal for normal people And if you could have a perfect memory, would you really want it Until recently, no one could address those issues with much authority, but our knowledge of memory is exploding. New techniques are revealing how different parts of the brain interact to preserve meaningful exp
17、eriences. Biologists are trying to understand the underlying (潜在的) chemical processes and neuroscientists (神经系统科学家) are discovering how age, stress and other factors can disrupt them. No one is close to finding the secret to perfect recall, but as youll see, that may be just as well.What does Stan F
18、ield take at breakfastAFood only.BNothing.CFood and pills.DA plateful of pills only. 9.Adaptation of Living Things Certain animals and plants develop characteristics that help them cope with their environment better than others of their kind. This natural biological process is called adaptation. Amo
19、ng the superior characteristics developed through adaptation are those that may help in getting food or shelter, in providing protection, and in producing and protecting the young. That results in the evolution of more and more organisms that are better fitted to their environments. Each living thin
20、g is adapted to its way of life in a general way, but each is adapted especially to its own distinct class. A plant, for example, depends upon its roots to fix itself firmly and to absorb water and inorganic chemicals. It depends upon its green leaves for using the suns energy to make food from inor
21、ganic chemicals. These are general adaptations, common to most plants. In addition, there are special adaptations that only certain kinds of plants have. Many animals have adaptations that help them escape from their enemies. Some insects are hidden by their body color or shape, and many look like a
22、 leaf or a little branch. The coats of deer are colored to mix with the surroundings. Many animals have the ability to remain completely still when an enemy is near. Organisms have a great variety of ways of adapting. They may adapt in their structure, function, and genetics; in their development an
23、d production of the young; and in other respects. An organism may create its won environment, as do warm-blooded mammals, which have the ability to adjust body heat exactly to maintain their ideal temperature despite changing weather. Usually adaptations are an advantage, but sometimes an organism i
24、s so well adapted to a particular environment that, if conditions change, it finds it difficult or impossible to readapt to the new conditions.Some plants and animals develop superior characteristics so that they may_.Ahelp others of their kind get food, shelter and other things needed.Bsurvive even
25、 in extremely severe conditionsCbecome better adapted to the environments than others of their kind.Dresult in the evolution and production of more intelligent organisms. 10.People, Customs and Habits1. Every ten years the United States makes a complete count, or census, of its people. When the firs
26、t count was made in 1790, the new nation had fewer than 4 million people, almost all living along the East Coast. Today, there are more than 226 million.2. We moved slowly through the city and entered a slum district. The streets crowded with people. People eating, people washing, people sleeping. P
27、eople visiting each other, arguing and screaming. People pushing their hands through the taxi windows begging. People holding on to the sides of buses. People, people, people, people.3. We have the ability to keep what we have learned in our minds so that we can call it up again for use later on. Wh
28、at we remember in this way may be words, figures, dates, poetry, events in our own lives and things like arithmetic or historic facts, and even skilled actions such as playing the piano or riding a bicycle.4. Different countries and different races have different manners. Before entering a house in
29、some Asian countries, it is good manners to take off your shoes. In European countries, even though shoes sometimes become very muddy, this is not done. A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink. He leaves a little, to show that he has had enough. In England, a guest always finishes a drink
30、to show that he has enjoyed it.5. Many visitors find the fast pace at which Americans move very troubling. They always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going and are very impatient if they are delayed even for a brief moment.A. PopulationB. Over PopulationC. MemoryD. CustomsE. RushF. Cens
31、usParagraph 2 11.The Function of Adrenocorticotriopin Some people can quite accurately time the end of their nights sleep at will, without using an alarm clock, demonstrating that it is possible to voluntarily control a state of consciousness that is characterized by a loss of volition and attention
32、al guidance. Here we show that the expectation that sleep will come to an end at a certain time induces a marked increase in the concentration of the hormone adrenocorticotriopin(促肾上腺皮质激素) in the blood one hour before waking. The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release during nocturnal sleep is th
33、erefore not confined to daily rhythms._(46). _(47). Normally, the release of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol(皮质醇) increases during late stages of sleeping, reaching a daily maximum at the time of spontaneous waking. Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol are also released from the pituitary-adrenal syste
34、m in a major adaptive response to stress, and are secreted in anticipation of stressful events. We investigated whether the increase in the secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones during the late stages of sleeping in part reflects anticipation of the stress of the waking phase. _( 48 ). We made rec
35、ordings of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram throughout the night, and took blood samples every 15 minutes to determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticortropin and Cortisol. Lights were turned off at midnight, after subjects had been told they would be woken at eight 6:
36、00 ( short sleep, on one night) or 9:00(long sleep, on the other two nights). On one of the long-sleep nights they were woken at 9:00 as they expected, but on the other night they were instead woken at 6:00 (surprise) under the pretence of a technical problem._(49). We interviewed the volunteers at
37、the end of the experiments, and found that all but one of the subjects had expected to be woken up at the specified time. The order of the three experimental nights was balanced across subjects, with five subjects starting with short sleep, five with long sleep, and five with the surprise condition.
38、 The increase in adrenocorticotropin release before the expected time of waking indicates that anticipation, which is generally considered to be unique characteristic of the regulation of conscious action, pervades sleep_(50). The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release points to a mechanism that
39、quickly adjusts endocrine activity to sharp changes in the duration.A. The regulation of sleep termination has been thought to be embedded in a daily rhythm controlling in paralleling the release of pituitary and adrenal hormones.B. Fifteen healthy volunteers with regular sleep-wake rhythms were stu
40、died during three nights.C. It also reflects a preparatory process in anticipation of the end of sleep.D. After being woken, subjects stayed in bed for another three hours.E. The anticipatory adrenocorticotropin increase may also facilitate spontaneous waking.F. About 10 million Americans consult do
41、ctors sleep problems each year. 12.A Hierarchy of Hormones All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the same complement of genes. How then can these cells differentiate and from structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits The answer is that only a small subset of the gen
42、es in a particular kind of cell are expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accomplished by a complex system of chemical messengers that in plants include hormones and other regulatory molecules. Five major hormones have been identified; auxin (生长素), abscisic acid(脱落酸) ,cytokinin(细胞激动素), h
43、etylene(乙烯), and gibberellin(赤霉素). Studies of plants have now identified a new class of regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins. Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic (多向性的) rather than specific, that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and de
44、velopment of plants. The five have so many simultaneous effects that they are not very useful in artificially controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance, stimulates the rate of cell elongation(拉长), causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the growth of lateral(侧面的) sho
45、ots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular(维管的) system, to from lateral roots, and to produce ethylene. The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous (类似的) to that of certain hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the hypothalamus (下五脑) in the brain
46、 stimulate the anterior(前面的) lobe of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many different hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal(肾上腺的) cortex(皮质|). These hormones have specific effects on target organs all over the body. One hormone stimulates the thyroid
47、(甲状腺的) gland, for example, another the ovarian (子房)follicle cells, and so forth. In other words, there is a hierarchy(统治集团) of hormones. Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosaccharins are fragments of the cell wall released by enzymes (酶): different enzymes release different oligosacchar
48、ins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may actually function by activating the enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical messengers from the cell wall.According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are not useful in controlling the growth of crops because_.Ait is not known exactly what functions the hormones performBeach hormone has various e