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1、2021湖北职称英语考试模拟卷（3）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。Jetlag Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag (喷气飞行时差反应). Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone U (51) /U making mistakes. It is a
2、ctually caused by U (52) /U of your body clock -a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological U (53) /U. The body clock is designed for a regular rhythm of daylight and darkness-ness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it U (54) /U daylight and darkness at the wrong tim
3、es in a new time zone. The symptoms of jetlag often persist for days U (55) /U the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is U (56) /U that is based on proven tentative pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore Ede has U (57) /U a practical strat
4、egy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone U (58) /U controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates most of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either U (59) /U or avoid bright
5、light. Exposure sure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule U (60) /U light exposure depends a great deal on U (61) /U travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary (旅行路线) and the individuals sleep U (62) /U are used to produce a Trip Guide with instructio
6、ns on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls U (63) /U bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, U (64) /U you are on an aero plane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light U (65) /U
7、 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working. AruptureBcorruptionCeruptionDdisruption 2.B第二篇/BSustainable Development of Agriculture Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficu
8、lt to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives. To start with, it is
9、 important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on
10、biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients(营养成分) captured in the product it was relatively inefficient. Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and in
11、crease yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safer and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat (栖息地)loss and to diminishing biodiversity. Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 m
12、illion tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions. All this means that agriculture in the 21s tcentury will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking. Fo
13、r example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be zero impact. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need
14、 to maintain production without increasing damage. Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons (正反两方面) of all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, wa
15、ter purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biod
16、iversity. What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in_. Alocalized pollutionBthe shrinking of farmlandCcompetition from overseasDthe decrease of biodiversity 3.下面的短文后列出了7个句
17、子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。Plants in Desert Only special plants can survive the terrible climate of a desert, for these are regions where the annual range of the soil temperature can be over 75. Furthermore, during the summer there are few clouds in th
18、e sky to protect plants from the suns ray. Another problem is the fact that there are frequently strong winds which drive small, sharp particles of sand into the plants, tearing and damaging them. The most difficult problem for all forms of plant life, however, is the fact that the entire annual rai
19、nfall occurs during a few days or weeks in spring. Grasses and flowers in desert survive from one year to the next by existing through the long, hot, dry season in the form of seeds. These seeds remain inactive unless the right amount of rain falls. If no rain falls, or if insufficient rain falls, t
20、hey wait until the next year, or even still the next. Another factor that helps these plants to survive is the fact that their life cycles are short. By the time that the water from the spring rains disappearsjust a few weeks after it fallssuch plants no longer need any. The perennials have special
21、features which enable them to survive as plants for several years. Thus, nearly all desert perennials have extensive root systems below ground and a small shoot system above ground. The large root network enables the plant to absorb as much water as possible in a short time. The small shoot system,
22、on the other hand, considerably limits water loss by evaporation. Another feature of many desert perennials is that after the rainy season they lose their leaves in preparation for the long, dry season, just as trees in wetter climates lose theirs in preparation for the winter. This reduces their wa
23、ter loss by evaporation during the dry season. Then, in next rainy season, they come fully alive once more, and grow new branches, leaves and flowers, just as the grasses and flowers in desert do.Grasses and flowers in desert are able to survive because they stay in the form of seeds to wait for the
24、 right amount of water to come. AA. RightBB. WrongCC. Not mentioned 4.下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题定1个最佳选项。B第一篇/BAmerican Immigrants The percentage of immigrants (including those unlawfully present ) in the United states has been creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at a
25、ny point since the mid 1920s. We are not about to go back to the days when congress openly worried about inferior races polluting Americas bloodstream. But once again we are wondering whether we have too many of the wrong sort newcomers. Their loudest critics argue that the new wave of immigrants ca
26、nnot, and indeed do not want to, fit in as previous generations did. We now know that these racist views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians-and members of other so-called inferior races became exemplary Americans and contributed greatly, in ways too numerous to detail, to the building of this
27、magnificent nation. There is no reason why these new immigrants should not have the same success. Although children of Mexican immigrants do better, in terms of educational and professional attainment, than their parents, UCLA sociologist Edward Telles has found that the gains dont continue. Indeed,
28、 the fourth generation is marginally worse off than the third. James Jackson, of the University of Michigan, has found a similar trend among black Caribbean immigrants. Telles fears that Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps of American blacks-that large parts of the community ma
29、y become mired(陷入) in a seemingly permanent state of poverty and underachievement. Like African-Americans, Mexican-Americans are increasingly relegated to (降入)segregated substandard schools, and their dropout rate is the highest for any ethnic group in the country. We have learned much about the foo
30、lish idea of excluding people on the presumption of the ethnic/racial inferiority. But what we have not yet learned is how to make the process of Americanization work for all. I am not talking about requiring people to learn English or to adopt American ways; those things happen pretty much on their
31、 own, but as arguments about immigration hear up the campaign trail, we also ought to ask some broader question about assimilation, about how to ensure that people, once outsiders, dont forever remain marginalized within these shores. That is a much larger question than what should happen with undoc
32、umented workers, or how best to secure the border, and it is one that affects not only newcomers but groups that have been here for generations. It will have more impact on our future than where we decide to set the admissions bar for the latest ware of would-be Americans. And it would be nice if we
33、 finally got the answer right.What does the author think of the new immigrants AThey will be a dynamic work force in the U. S.BThey can do just as well as their predecessors.CThey will be very disappointed on the new land.DThey may find it hard to fit into the mainstream. 5.下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确
34、定1个最佳选项。Jetlag Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag (喷气飞行时差反应). Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone U (51) /U making mistakes. It is actually caused by U (52) /U of your body clock -a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological U
35、 (53) /U. The body clock is designed for a regular rhythm of daylight and darkness-ness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it U (54) /U daylight and darkness at the wrong times in a new time zone. The symptoms of jetlag often persist for days U (55) /U the internal body clock slowly adjusts t
36、o the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is U (56) /U that is based on proven tentative pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore Ede has U (57) /U a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone U (58) /U controlled exposure to bright light. The time z
37、one shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates most of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either U (59) /U or avoid bright light. Exposure sure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule U (60) /U light exp
38、osure depends a great deal on U (61) /U travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary (旅行路线) and the individuals sleep U (62) /U are used to produce a Trip Guide with instructions on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls U (63) /U bright light you should spend tim
39、e outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, U (64) /U you are on an aero plane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light U (65) /U for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working. AactionBfunctionCreflectionDbehavior 6.B第三篇/BEnviro
40、nmental Protection The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue to occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing (把固定) legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon (放任). Attempts to prevent pollutio
41、n by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been met by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long delays-not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it. It seems that only when government decides it can afford tax incentives or
42、production sacrifices, there is any initiative for change. Where is industrys and our recognition that protecting mankinds great treasure is the single most important responsibility If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frostiness and provide leadership to
43、solve environmental problems, that time is now. We are being asked, and, in fact, the public is demanding that we take positive action. It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference. Yes, the ecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists
44、serve to communicate, stimulate thinking and promote behavioral change. However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge. We must recognize that environmental health issues do not stop at city li
45、mits, county lines, state or even federal boundaries. We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. We must express our views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion. I believe we have
46、a three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we must investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able to communicate technical information in a for
47、m that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on bandages.The main task now facing ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists is_. Ato prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and persuasionBto arouse public awareness of the importance of environmental protectionCto take radical measures to control environmental pollutio