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1、2021年陕西职称英语考试考前冲刺卷（7）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.People, Customs and Habits1. Every ten years the United States makes a complete count, or census, of its people. When the first count was made in 1790, the new nation had fewer than 4 million people, alm
2、ost all living along the East Coast. Today, there are more than 226 million.2. We moved slowly through the city and entered a slum district. The streets crowded with people. People eating, people washing, people sleeping. People visiting each other, arguing and screaming. People pushing their hands
3、through the taxi windows begging. People holding on to the sides of buses. People, people, people, people.3. We have the ability to keep what we have learned in our minds so that we can call it up again for use later on. What we remember in this way may be words, figures, dates, poetry, events in ou
4、r own lives and things like arithmetic or historic facts, and even skilled actions such as playing the piano or riding a bicycle.4. Different countries and different races have different manners. Before entering a house in some Asian countries, it is good manners to take off your shoes. In European
5、countries, even though shoes sometimes become very muddy, this is not done. A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink. He leaves a little, to show that he has had enough. In England, a guest always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it.5. Many visitors find the fast pace at which A
6、mericans move very troubling. They always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going and are very impatient if they are delayed even for a brief moment.A. PopulationB. Over PopulationC. MemoryD. CustomsE. RushF. CensusIn China a guest leaves a little of his tea to_. 2.Memory Class Stan Field
7、knows what age can do to a persons memory, and hes not taking any chances with his. He chooses his food carefully and gets plenty of exercise. He also avoids stress, coca cola and cigarette smoke. Whats more, at breakfast each morning, the 69-year-old chemical engineer swallows a plateful of pills i
8、n the hope of boosting his brain power. Michelle Amove is less than half Fields age, but no less concerned about her memory. While working round the clock to finish a degree in film studies, the 33-year-old New Yorker had the alarming sensation that she had stopped retaining anything. I couldnt even
9、 remember names, she says. I thought, Oh, no, Im over 30. Its all downhill from here. Besides loading up on supplements, Amove signed up for a memory enhancing course at New Yorks Mount Siani Medical Center. And when she got there, she found herself surrounded by people who were just as worried as s
10、he was. For millions of Americans, and especially for baby boomers (生育高峰出生的人) , the demands of the Information Age conflict with a sense of declining physical power. When boomers were in their 30s and 40s, they launched the fitness boom, says Cynthia Green, the psychologist who teaches Mount Sinais
11、memory class. Now we have the mental-fitness boom Memory is the boomers new life-crisis issue. And of course a major marketing opportunity. The demand for books and seminars has never been greater, says Jack Lannom, a longtime memory trainer whose weekly TV show, Mind Unlimited, goes out to 33 milli
12、on homes on the Christian Network. Anxious consumers are rushing to buy do-it-yourself programs and supplement makers are trying to sell everything but sawdust (木屑) as a brain booster. But before you get out your checkbook, a few questions are in order. Does everyday forgetfulness signal declining b
13、rain function Is megamemory (超级记忆) a realistic goal for normal people And if you could have a perfect memory, would you really want it Until recently, no one could address those issues with much authority, but our knowledge of memory is exploding. New techniques are revealing how different parts of
14、the brain interact to preserve meaningful experiences. Biologists are trying to understand the underlying (潜在的) chemical processes and neuroscientists (神经系统科学家) are discovering how age, stress and other factors can disrupt them. No one is close to finding the secret to perfect recall, but as youll s
15、ee, that may be just as well.Which of the following does NOT indicate peoples enhanced awareness of the importance of memoryAMore demand for coca cola and cigarettes.BMore demand for seminars on memory.CMore demand for memory-enhancing supplements.DMore demand for books on memory. 3.Why do people sh
16、rinks Did you ever see the movie Honey, I shrunk the kids Its about a wacky dad (whos also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! (46)_ For older people, shrinking isnt that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up t
17、o only one inch or so off of their adult height ( maybe a little more, maybe less ) , and this kind of shrinking cant be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. (47)_ There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and
18、fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) take hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start t collapse into one another. (48)_ But perhaps the most common reason why some older peo
19、ple shrink is because of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue ( which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. (49)_ Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people
20、especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin withare more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act You arent as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning
21、. Thats because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Dont worry, though. (50)_A. They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.B. Once you get a good nig
22、hts rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, youre standing tall again.C. Over time, bone is said to be lost because its not being replaced.D. Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking.E. The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while
23、trying to get back to their normal size.F. But why does shrinking happen at all 4.A Hierarchy of Hormones All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the same complement of genes. How then can these cells differentiate and from structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits Th
24、e answer is that only a small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accomplished by a complex system of chemical messengers that in plants include hormones and other regulatory molecules. Five major hormones have been identified; auxin
25、 (生长素), abscisic acid(脱落酸) ,cytokinin(细胞激动素), hetylene(乙烯), and gibberellin(赤霉素). Studies of plants have now identified a new class of regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins. Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic (多向性的) rather than specific, that is, eac
26、h has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants. The five have so many simultaneous effects that they are not very useful in artificially controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance, stimulates the rate of cell elongation(拉长), causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow do
27、wn, and inhibits the growth of lateral(侧面的) shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular(维管的) system, to from lateral roots, and to produce ethylene. The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous (类似的) to that of certain hormones in animal. For example, ho
28、rmones from the hypothalamus (下五脑) in the brain stimulate the anterior(前面的) lobe of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many different hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal(肾上腺的) cortex(皮质|). These hormones have specific effects on target organs all ove
29、r the body. One hormone stimulates the thyroid (甲状腺的) gland, for example, another the ovarian (子房)follicle cells, and so forth. In other words, there is a hierarchy(统治集团) of hormones. Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosaccharins are fragments of the cell wall released by enzymes (酶): d
30、ifferent enzymes release different oligosaccharins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may actually function by activating the enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical messengers from the cell wall.According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are no
31、t useful in controlling the growth of crops because_.Ait is not known exactly what functions the hormones performBeach hormone has various effects on plantsCnone of the hormones can function without the othersDeach hormone has different effects on different kinds of plants 5.Cancer The popular TV va
32、riety-show host was grim but calm. He faced the cameras and said bluntly: I have cancer. Masataka Itsumis disclosure may be the latest sign that the shame associated with cancer is finally breaking down in a country where, unlike the United Sates, the topic has traditionally been taboo. Cancer is th
33、e countrys No.1 killer, chaining more than 230,000 lives a year. Despite the number of people affected, the subject has long been concealed in secrecy and silence. As a rule, Japanese are reluctant to tell anyone other than family if they have cancer. And doctors often lie to patients about a cancer
34、 diagnosis, fearing they would be depressed and weakened by the truth. Polls indicate that most people would prefer to be told if they have cancer. But health authorities have estimated as few as one in five cancer patients is given a truthful diagnosis. The patient is very afraid to hear of having
35、cancer, so many doctors just dont tell, said one doctor. But if we dont tell the truth, its bad for the relationship between doctor and patient. So I think this is beginning to change. He said he believed the intense public interest in the Itsumi case reflected pent-up curiosity and concern about th
36、e subject. There are other signs of greater openness in confronting cancer. Support groups for cancer victims, once unknown, have sprung up. The plot of a recent film revolved around a man with cancer. An unusually powerful television advertisement, appealing for bone-marrow donations, features a yo
37、ung woman who has since died of leukemia. But secrecy about cancer is still common. In Japan, serious illness is considered embarrassing. People worry about causing suffering and expense for their families, or discomforting their colleagues. Itsumi, in fact, began his news conference by apologizing.
38、 Other factors contribute to the taboo on talk about cancer. There is a cultural tendency toward restraint on discussing personal matters and stoicism in facing problems. Even if patients sense something is very wrong despite a good diagnosis, most do not press their doctors or seek a second opinion
39、. Doctors are granted deep respect in a society that discourages questioning authority.The passage implies that_.Ain the United States, people openly talk about cancerBin the Unites States, cancer is a forbidden topicCcancer is not as wide spread in the U. S. as in JapanDcancer is the No. 1 killer i
40、n the U. S. 6.Nurses The physicians in a hospital form the core of the medical staff. But they could not provide effective medical care to their patients without the help of numerous other medical workers. From the angle of the patients, the nursing staff is particularly important. Nurses are usuall
41、y in close contact with patients as long as they are in the hospital. A nurse does not study for as many years as a doctor. However, each must be equally trained. Caring for sick persons requires a great deal of patience and concern. Most nurses work long days, and they often must work at odd hours
42、or during the night. The nursing staff in a hospital is usually quite large and various. Nursing services, after all, must be provided on a 24-hour basis. There are professional (专业的) nurses, practical nurses, nurses aids, and orderlies (勤杂工). The general term nurse refers to a person trained to off
43、er bedside care to sick persons. Under the supervision (管理) of the head nurse, the nursing staff in a hospital ward must attend to patients needs. This responsibility continues around the clock, and so nurses must work in shifts. A shift is a period of duty, usually eight hours in length. The nurses
44、 on the ward rotate (轮换) their shifts. Some take turns working night duty; others work odd shifts. All of them work out of a central area on the ward called the nurses station. A nurse must always be on her guard. She can never afford to be careless. This is true in all nursing situations , but it i
45、s especially true in the intensive care unit. Patients under intensive care are critically ill, and they must be monitored at all times. The nurses who do intensive care duty have one of the most demanding jobs in the hospital.Nursing services in a hospital are generally available around the clock.A
46、RightBWrongCNot mentioned 7.People, Customs and Habits1. Every ten years the United States makes a complete count, or census, of its people. When the first count was made in 1790, the new nation had fewer than 4 million people, almost all living along the East Coast. Today, there are more than 226 m
47、illion.2. We moved slowly through the city and entered a slum district. The streets crowded with people. People eating, people washing, people sleeping. People visiting each other, arguing and screaming. People pushing their hands through the taxi windows begging. People holding on to the sides of b
48、uses. People, people, people, people.3. We have the ability to keep what we have learned in our minds so that we can call it up again for use later on. What we remember in this way may be words, figures, dates, poetry, events in our own lives and things like arithmetic or historic facts, and even skilled actions such as playing the piano or riding a bicycle.4. Different countries and different races have different manners. Before entering a house in some Asian countries, it is good manners to take off yo