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1、2021山东大学英语考试真题卷（3）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Concern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working than ever before in F
2、rance. In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappearing. Offices, shops, and factories are discovering me great efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms. In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the typical Frenchman produces mor
3、e, earns more, and buys more goods than his counterpart of the last generation. He gains in creating comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of persona, uniqueness, or individuality. Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the U.S. is a world symbol o
4、f the technological society and its consumer products. The so-called Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that assembly-line life will lead to the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely (but less productive) old French style. What will happen, they ask, to
5、taste, elegance, and the cultivation of the good things in lifejoy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local caf6 Since the late 1950s life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursuit of material gain.
6、Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are the young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear that France is threatened by the triumph of this competitive, goods-oriented culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considera
7、ble violence. In spite of critics, however, countless Frenchmen are committed to keeping France in the forefront of the modern economic world. They find that the present life brings more rewards, conveniences, and pleasures than that of the past. They believe that a modern, industrial France is pref
8、erable to the old.It can be inferred from the passage that_.Ain pursuing material gains the French are suffering losses elsewhereBthe French enjoy short lunch hoursCthe French are fed up with the smell of freshly picked applesDgreat changes have occurred in the lifestyle of all Frenchmen 2.Port City
9、 The port city provides a fascinating and rich understanding of the movement of people and goods around the world. We understand a port as a centre of land-sea exchange, and as a major source of livelihood and a major force for cultural mixing. But do ports all produce a range of common urban charac
10、teristics which justify classifying port cities together under a single group label Do they have enough in common to guarantee distinguishing them from other kinds of cities Ports and harbors A port must be distinguished from a harbor. There are two very different things. Most ports have poor harbor
11、s, many fine harbors see few ships. Harbor is a physical concept, a shelter for ships; port is an economic concept, a center of land-sea exchange which requires good access to a hinterland even more than a sea-linked foreland. It is landward access, which is productive of goods for export and which
12、demands imports, that is critical. Poor harbors can be improved with breakwaters and dredging if there is a demand for a port. Madras and Colombo are examples of harbors expensively improved by enlarging, dredging (清淤) and building breakwaters. Once a port city, always a port city Port cites become
13、industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railways, highways and air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the worlds bigge
14、st cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenois Airs, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Fracissco began as ports that is, which land-sea exchange as their major function but they have since grown proportion in other respects so that their port functions are no long
15、er dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference. A truly international environment Port functions, more than anything else, make a city cosmopolitan. A port city is open to the world. In it races, cultures, and ideas as wel
16、l as goods from a variety of places, jostle, mix and enrich each other and the life of the city. The smell of the sea and the harbor, the sound of boat whistles or the moving tides are symbols of their multiple links with a wide world, samples of which are present in microcosm (缩影) within their own
17、urban areas. Reasons for the decline of ports Seaports have been transformed by the appearance of powered vessels, whose size and draught have increased. Many formerly important ports have become economically and physically less accessible as a result. By-passed by most of their former enriching flo
18、wing of exchange, they have become cultural and economic backwaters or have acquired the character of museums of the past. Examples of these are Charleston, Salem, Bristol, Plymouth, Surat, Galle, Melaka, Suzhou, and a long list of earlier prominent port cities in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin Am
19、erica. Relative significance of trade and service industry Most ports have few poor harbors, many fine harbors see many ships. Harbor is not a physical concept but also an economic concept, a center of connections of different politics, commerce and other different styles. Calcutta traded mainly wit
20、h other parts of India and so on. Most of any citys population is engaged in providing goods and services for the city itself. Trade outside the city is its basic function. But each basic worker requires food, housing, clothing and other such services. Estimates of the ratio of basic to service work
21、ers range from 1:4 to 1:8. Their own way to develop and exist No city can be simply a port but must be involved in a variety of other activities. The port function of the city draws to it raw materials and distributes them in many other forms. Ports take advantage of the need for breaking up the bul
22、k material where water and land transport meet and where loading and unloading costs can be minimized by refining raw materials or turning them into finished goods. The major examples here are oil refining and ore refining, which are commonly located at ports. It is not easy to draw a line around wh
23、at is and is not a port function. All ports handle, unload, sort, alter, process, repack, and reship most of what they receive. A city may still be regarded as a port city when it becomes involved in a great range of functions not immediately involved with ships or docks. Cities which began as ports
24、 retain the chief commercial and administrative centre of the city close to the waterfront. The centre of New York is in lower Manhattan between two river mouths, the City of London is on the Thames, Shanghai along the Bund. This proximity to water is also true of Boston, Philadelphia, Bombay, Calcu
25、tta, Madras, Singapore, Bangkok, Hong Kong and Yokohama, where the commercial, financial, and administrative centers are still grouped arouAYBNCNG 3.Port City The port city provides a fascinating and rich understanding of the movement of people and goods around the world. We understand a port as a c
26、entre of land-sea exchange, and as a major source of livelihood and a major force for cultural mixing. But do ports all produce a range of common urban characteristics which justify classifying port cities together under a single group label Do they have enough in common to guarantee distinguishing
27、them from other kinds of cities Ports and harbors A port must be distinguished from a harbor. There are two very different things. Most ports have poor harbors, many fine harbors see few ships. Harbor is a physical concept, a shelter for ships; port is an economic concept, a center of land-sea excha
28、nge which requires good access to a hinterland even more than a sea-linked foreland. It is landward access, which is productive of goods for export and which demands imports, that is critical. Poor harbors can be improved with breakwaters and dredging if there is a demand for a port. Madras and Colo
29、mbo are examples of harbors expensively improved by enlarging, dredging (清淤) and building breakwaters. Once a port city, always a port city Port cites become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises t
30、here and later draws to it railways, highways and air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the worlds biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenois Airs, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Fracissco began as
31、ports that is, which land-sea exchange as their major function but they have since grown proportion in other respects so that their port functions are no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference. A truly internat
32、ional environment Port functions, more than anything else, make a city cosmopolitan. A port city is open to the world. In it races, cultures, and ideas as well as goods from a variety of places, jostle, mix and enrich each other and the life of the city. The smell of the sea and the harbor, the soun
33、d of boat whistles or the moving tides are symbols of their multiple links with a wide world, samples of which are present in microcosm (缩影) within their own urban areas. Reasons for the decline of ports Seaports have been transformed by the appearance of powered vessels, whose size and draught have
34、 increased. Many formerly important ports have become economically and physically less accessible as a result. By-passed by most of their former enriching flowing of exchange, they have become cultural and economic backwaters or have acquired the character of museums of the past. Examples of these a
35、re Charleston, Salem, Bristol, Plymouth, Surat, Galle, Melaka, Suzhou, and a long list of earlier prominent port cities in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America. Relative significance of trade and service industry Most ports have few poor harbors, many fine harbors see many ships. Harbor is not a
36、 physical concept but also an economic concept, a center of connections of different politics, commerce and other different styles. Calcutta traded mainly with other parts of India and so on. Most of any citys population is engaged in providing goods and services for the city itself. Trade outside t
37、he city is its basic function. But each basic worker requires food, housing, clothing and other such services. Estimates of the ratio of basic to service workers range from 1:4 to 1:8. Their own way to develop and exist No city can be simply a port but must be involved in a variety of other activiti
38、es. The port function of the city draws to it raw materials and distributes them in many other forms. Ports take advantage of the need for breaking up the bulk material where water and land transport meet and where loading and unloading costs can be minimized by refining raw materials or turning the
39、m into finished goods. The major examples here are oil refining and ore refining, which are commonly located at ports. It is not easy to draw a line around what is and is not a port function. All ports handle, unload, sort, alter, process, repack, and reship most of what they receive. A city may sti
40、ll be regarded as a port city when it becomes involved in a great range of functions not immediately involved with ships or docks. Cities which began as ports retain the chief commercial and administrative centre of the city close to the waterfront. The centre of New York is in lower Manhattan betwe
41、en two river mouths, the City of London is on the Thames, Shanghai along the Bund. This proximity to water is also true of Boston, Philadelphia, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Singapore, Bangkok, Hong Kong and Yokohama, where the commercial, financial, and administrative centers are still grouped arouAYB
42、NCNG 4.Port City The port city provides a fascinating and rich understanding of the movement of people and goods around the world. We understand a port as a centre of land-sea exchange, and as a major source of livelihood and a major force for cultural mixing. But do ports all produce a range of com
43、mon urban characteristics which justify classifying port cities together under a single group label Do they have enough in common to guarantee distinguishing them from other kinds of cities Ports and harbors A port must be distinguished from a harbor. There are two very different things. Most ports
44、have poor harbors, many fine harbors see few ships. Harbor is a physical concept, a shelter for ships; port is an economic concept, a center of land-sea exchange which requires good access to a hinterland even more than a sea-linked foreland. It is landward access, which is productive of goods for e
45、xport and which demands imports, that is critical. Poor harbors can be improved with breakwaters and dredging if there is a demand for a port. Madras and Colombo are examples of harbors expensively improved by enlarging, dredging (清淤) and building breakwaters. Once a port city, always a port city Po
46、rt cites become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railways, highways and air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of
47、the worlds biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenois Airs, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Fracissco began as ports that is, which land-sea exchange as their major function but they have since grown proportion in other respects so that their port funct
48、ions are no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference. A truly international environment Port functions, more than anything else, make a city cosmopolitan. A port city is open to the world. In it races, cultures,
49、and ideas as well as goods from a variety of places, jostle, mix and enrich each other and the life of the city. The smell of the sea and the harbor, the sound of boat whistles or the moving tides are symbols of their multiple links with a wide world, samples of which are present in microcosm (缩影) within their own urban areas. Reasons