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1、The Development of English Literature Before the 20th CenturyI. Old and Medieval English Literature：“Beowulf”2.English Literature of Middle Ages:the Romances （骑士文学）Geoffrey Chaucer： II. English Literature of the Renaissance early 16th Centurymid 17th Century Features: the first glorious period of En
2、glish literary history, 1.Thomas More 2.Edmund Spencer 3.Francis Bacon 4.Shakespeare III.English Literature in the 17th century: Puritan age， PoetryJohn Milton： John Bunyan John Donne： IV. English Literature in the 18th Century the Enlightenment Movement 1.The reign of Classicism: Alexander Pope (16
3、881744) : Jonathan Swift (16671745): Joseph Addison (16721719) Richard Steele (16721729): Samuel Johnson (17091784)2. The beginning of modern novel: Daniel Defoe (16611731): Robinson Crusoe Henry Fielding(17071754): Tom Jones3. The pre-romanticists: Thomas Gray (17161771) Robert Burns (17591796) Wil
4、liam Blake (17571827)V. Romanticism in England (17981832) Most prosperous period of poetry; Two groups: positive; negative William Wordsworth; Coleridge Shelley, Baron, Keats Jane Austen VI. English Literature in the Mid & Late 19th Century Critical Realism (批判现实主义) Reflecting the social reality of
5、the 19th-century society. Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist William Thackeray: Vanity Fair Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre Emily Bronte: Wuthering HeightsVII. Twentieth Century English Literature I. From the end of the 19th century to 1914A transitional period in many fields.The death of Queen Victoria -the
6、 weakening of the Victorian values, the economic and political decline of the whole state: industry; independence in its colonies abroad.Realism: dominant position in literary techniques.The Struggle between Realistic and Anti-realistic TrendsRealists：Some writers show continuity with the Victorian
7、tradition of the novelThomas HardyJohn GalsworthyJoseph Conrad: Samuel ButlerG. B. ShawH. G. WellsAnti-realists： Oscar Wilde .Part II. English Literature From 1914 to 1945Historical background:1. The First World War-a war for the redivision of the world. England, weakened economically and in many ot
8、her aspects.A debtor nation to America;Lost its territories: The Irish Free State (1921); Egypt (1922); India 2. Monopoly capitalism 3. In 1929, economic crisis 4. Changes in old traditions, in social standards and in peoples thoughts, the success of womens struggle for social and civil rights.The n
9、ovels 1. 1910s-1920s：Two directions in techniques:Realistic writers:D. H. LawrenceE. M. ForsterInnovative writers: Virginia Woolf James Joyce E.M. Forster福斯特 （1879-1970） A Passage to India 印度之行 Howards End 霍华德庄园 The Longest Journey最漫长的旅程 The Room With A View一间带风景的房子 Where Angels Fear to Tread天使们忘而却步
10、的地方A Passage to Indiaset against the backdrop of the British Raj and the Indian independence movement in the 1920s. Dr. Aziz, his British friend Cyril Fielding, Mrs. Moore Adela QuestedDuring a trip to the Marabar Caves, Adela accuses Aziz of attempting to rape her. Azizs trial, and its run-up and a
11、ftermath, bring out all the racial tensions and prejudices between indigenous Indians and the British colonists who rule India.ReconcileWilliam Somerset Maugham(1874-1965)毛姆 Works 1915Of Human Bandage人性枷锁 1919The Moon and Sixpence月亮与六便士 1930Cakes and Ale寻欢作乐 1944The Razors Edge刀锋 1951short storiesMo
12、dernism: a complex and diverse international literary movement originating at about the end of the 19th c. and reaching its maturity in the mid 20th. C. The rise of modernism: Baudelaires The Flower of Evils (1857)； (波德莱尔恶之花 Philosophical Background:Nietzsche: God died. people were perplexed.Freud:
13、psychoanalysis writers explored the inner reality of the modern man Marx: class struggle proletarian novels Features of modernism: symbolism, surrealism, expressionism, existentialism, stream of consciousness, breaks with traditional forms and techniques of expression. It implies a sense of alienati
14、on, loss, and despair. It rejects history, traditional values and assumptions. It elevates the individual and the inner being over the social human being. experimental with language, form, symbol, and myth.The basic themes are alienation and loneliness revealing the modern mans helplessness, submiss
15、iveness and triviality .the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. the psychic time than the chronological time eg. Pound, Eliot, Joyce, Woolf;Freuds theory(佛洛依德心理学) Consciousness; Subconsciousness; Unconsciousness. 本我(Id
16、)，-primitive needs-libido 自我(Ego)，-rational，seek satisfaction 超我(Super-Ego)，-ideal，perfect 恋母情绪(Oedipus complex) 死亡冲动(Death Drive） Stream of Consciousness a psychological term indicating “the flux (flowing) of conscious and subconscious thoughts moving in the mind at any given time independently of
17、the persons will”. the depiction of the characters mental and emotional reactions to the external events, rather than the events of themselves. the novelists abandons the conventional usages of realistic plot structure, characterization and description, and their works become successions of “fleetin
18、g images of the external world mingled with thoughts and shadows of thought Uninhibited by grammar, syntax or logical transitions. A mixture of all levels of awareness sensations, thoughts, memories, associations, reflections。eg. J. Joyce; In English literature modernism prevailed during the 1920s a
19、nd 1930s.a movement of experiments in new technique in writing. put emphasis on the description of the characters psychological activities, i.e. the writing technique of stream-of-consciousness is adopted. It has sometimes been called modern psychological fiction. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) novelist
20、，feminist，criticJames Joyce(1882-1941)乔伊斯 Irish novelist Second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language established “ stream of consciousness” as a valid way of writing fiction. Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923)a prominent modernist short story writerborn and brought up in colonial
21、New Zealand.focus on moments of disruption and frequently open rather abruptly. The Garden Party, The Daughters of the Late Colonel, and The Fly. William Butler Yeats (叶芝 1865-1939) poet and dramatistT. S. Eliot (1888-1965)A pioneer of the Modernist poetry;one of the greatest poets in the world.The
22、Nobel Prize winner （1948）Major Works：PoetryThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Waste LandThe Hollow MenFour QuartetsPlay Murder in the CathedralLiterary CriticismThe novels: 1930s The communist revolutions; the rise of Nazism Satirists: Evelyn Waugh ; Aldous Huxley; George Orwell; Jean Rhys 1940s
23、 Disillusionment; dissatisfaction Graham Green Religion for spiritual comfortEvelyn Waugh 伊夫林 沃(1903-1966)A SatiristDecline and Fall衰亡(1928)Vile Bodies罪恶的躯体(1930)A Handful of Dust一捧尘土(1934)；The Loved One亲者(1948)The Sword of Honour 战争三部曲荣誉之剑( 1965) Aldous Leonard Huxley 赫胥黎赫胥黎 (1894-1963) Brave New W
24、orld 美丽新世界 （one of three science fiction in the world：1984；We，扎米亚京）George Orwell （1903 1950） Nineteen Eighty-four (一九八四1949) Animal Farm (动物庄园1945) profound awareness of social injustice, an intense, revolutionary opposition to totalitarianism, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) (1949): a dystopian novel (
25、反乌托邦小说） about a degenerated workers state. Winston Smith is a civil servant responsible for perpetuating the Partys propaganda by revising historical records to render the Party omniscient and always correct, yet his existence disillusions him to the point of seeking rebellion against Big Brother, e
26、ventually leading to his arrest, torture, and conversion. A collectivist society where life is a world of perpetual war, pervasive government surveillance (监视), and incessant public mind control. social science fiction， the terms and concepts of Big Brother, thoughtcrime, Newspeak, etc, Newspeak:新闻语
27、言：用以误导和影响大众的故意模糊和岐义的语言 Animal Farm (动物庄园1945) The animals of Mr.Jones farm revolted against their human masters and drove them out, the pigs becoming the leaders. Their chief, Napoleon was the symbol of Stalin, ruthless and critical. It turned out that the pigs were corrupted by power and a new tyra
28、nny replaced the old. Their famous slogan was “all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others.” Theme： an attack on Stalinist dictatorship and all kinds of totalitarianism. The poetry: 1920s modernism T.S. Eliot 1930s intellectual poems W. H. Auden 1940s neo-romanticism Dylan Thom
29、as W. H. Auden （ W. H.奥登奥登, 1907-1973）& the Poets of the ThirtiesGreat DepressionMass unemployment“Red Decade”Left-wing poets: “Auden Group / Generation”The most important poet immediately after T. S. Eliot.The drama: Irish theatre: W. B. Yeats: symbolic plays T. S. Eliot : Murder in the Cathedral (1935)