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1、2021上海公共英语考试考前冲刺卷（1）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.The dark smoke that comes out of stacks or from a burning dump contains tiny bits of solid or liquid matter. The smoke also contains many gases, most of which cannot be seen. Altogether, they make up the
2、serious problems of air pollution. In so many places it keeps us from seeing the sun, irritates our eyes, causes us to cough, and makes us ill.Air pollution can spread from city to city. It even spreads from one country to another. Some northern European countries have had black snow from pollutants
3、 that have traveled through the air from other countries and have fallen with the snow. So air pollution is really a global problem.Air pollution can kill babies, older people , and those who have respiratory (呼吸道的) diseases. In London, in 1952, four thousand people died in one week as a result of a
4、 serious air-pollution episode. In 1948, in the small town of Donora, Pennsylvania, twenty people died in a four-day period of bad air pollution.At levels often found in cities, air pollution increases the risks of certain lung diseases, such as emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma. Of course, smoking
5、and other factors help to cause these illnesses, too, but these cases have increased greatly during recent years as air pollution has become worse. Air pollution can cause both airplane and auto accidents because it cuts down visibility. There are other possible health dangers from air pollution tha
6、t we don’t know much about. For example, scientists are trying to find out whether chemicals that reach us from the air may cause changes in our cells.These changes might cause babies to be born with serious birth defects. Scientists are trying to learn how all the many chemicals we are apt to
7、 take into our bodies from air, water, food, and even medicines act together to affect our health and the way our bodies work. That is another reason why it is so important to begin to control pollution now instead of waiting until we learn all the answers.Air pollution costs us a lot of money. It s
8、oils and corrodes our buildings. It damages farm crops and forests. It has a destructive effect on our works of art. The cost of all this damage to our government is astronomical. It would be much more worthwhile, both for us and for the environment, to spend our tax dollars on air pollution control
9、.Scientists have not yet determined ().A. all of the effects of pollution on the human bodyB. how pollution can be controlled successfullyC. when the atmosphere first became pollutedD. how to wash the black snow clean2.Patients tend to feel indignant and insulted if the physician tells them he can f
10、ind no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term psychogenic to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many forms of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress, or
11、 hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of conversion hysteria.Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting news from a doctor that they allow
12、 their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. The only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works; so that more people will be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill popping and irr
13、esponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.Of all forms of pain, none is more important for the individual to understand than the threshold variety. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point. It can take the form of a migraine-type headac
14、he or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or a pain in the lower back or even in the joints.The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their cause doesn’t panic when they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and
15、tension. Then, if the pain persists despite the absence of apparent cause, the individual will telephone the doctor.According to the passage, the proper way towards a pain is ().A. taking different medicinesB. paying no attention to itC. visiting famous physiciansD. none of the above3.Considering ho
16、w jazz is transcribed in Chinese (jueshi), you may be misled into assuming that it is an aristocratic cultural form. Nothing could be further from the truth. It originated among black Americans at the end of the 19th century, at a time when they occupied the very bottom of the American social heap.S
17、o how has something that was created by a once downtrodden and despised minority acquired a central place in today’s American culture Perhaps the essence of America is that you could never get two Americans to agree on just what that might be. After thinking about it for a while, we might chuc
18、kle and say, Hmm, seems like being American is a bit more complicated than we thought. Certainly things like individualism, success (the American Dream), innovation and tolerance stand out. But these things come together because of our ability to work with one another and find common purpose no matt
19、er how diverse we might be.Some, like African-American writer Ralph Ellison, believe that jazz captures the essence of America. For good reason, for in jazz all of the characteristics I mentioned above come together. The solos are a celebration of individual brilliance that can’t take place wi
20、thout the group efforts of the rhythm section. Beyond that, though, jazz has a connection to the essence of America in a much more fundamental way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture, a musical medium that exemplifies the culture of the Africans that came to dominate much o
21、f what is American.That’s right, in many respects America’s roots are in Africa. Read Ralph Ellison’s perceptive description of the transformation of separate African and European cultures at the hands of the slaves:. the dancing of those slaves who, looking through the windows of
22、a plantation manor house from the yard, imitated the steps so gravely performed by the masters within and then added to them their own special flair, burlesquing the white folks and then going on to force the steps into a choreography uniquely their own. The whites, looking out at the activity in th
23、e yard, thought that they were being flattered by imitation and were amused by the incongruity of tattered blacks dancing courtly steps, while missing completely the fact that before their eyes a European cultural form was becoming Americanized, undergoing a metamorphosis through the mocking activit
24、y of a people partially sprung from Africa. Jazz brought together elements from Africa and Europe, fusing them into a new culture, an expression unique to the Americas.Out of this fusion came an idea that we Americans believe central to our identity: tolerance. Both cultures represented in Ellison&r
25、squo;s passage eventually came to realize each other’s value. Americans acknowledge that in diversity is our strength. We learn every day that other cultures and peoples may make valuable contributions to our way of life. Jazz music is the embodiment of this ideal, combining elements from Afri
26、can and European culture into a distinctly American music.Jazz reflects two contradictory facets of American life. On the one hand it is a team effort, where every musician is completely immersed in what the group does together, listening to each of the other players and building on their contributi
27、ons to create a musical whole. On the other hand, the band features a soloist who is an individual at the extreme, a genius like Charlie Parker who explores musical territory where no one has ever gone before. In the same sense, American life is also a combination of teamwork and individualism, a co
28、mbination of individual brilliance with the ability to work with others.Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage().A.Americans believe individualism is central to their identity.B.American life combinates teamwork with individualism.C.Jazz reflects two conflicting factors of Amer
29、ican life.D.Jazz fused elements from Africa and Europe into a new culture.4.Considering how jazz is transcribed in Chinese (jueshi), you may be misled into assuming that it is an aristocratic cultural form. Nothing could be further from the truth. It originated among black Americans at the end of th
30、e 19th century, at a time when they occupied the very bottom of the American social heap.So how has something that was created by a once downtrodden and despised minority acquired a central place in today’s American culture Perhaps the essence of America is that you could never get two America
31、ns to agree on just what that might be. After thinking about it for a while, we might chuckle and say, Hmm, seems like being American is a bit more complicated than we thought. Certainly things like individualism, success (the American Dream), innovation and tolerance stand out. But these things com
32、e together because of our ability to work with one another and find common purpose no matter how diverse we might be.Some, like African-American writer Ralph Ellison, believe that jazz captures the essence of America. For good reason, for in jazz all of the characteristics I mentioned above come tog
33、ether. The solos are a celebration of individual brilliance that can’t take place without the group efforts of the rhythm section. Beyond that, though, jazz has a connection to the essence of America in a much more fundamental way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture,
34、a musical medium that exemplifies the culture of the Africans that came to dominate much of what is American.That’s right, in many respects America’s roots are in Africa. Read Ralph Ellison’s perceptive description of the transformation of separate African and European cultures at
35、the hands of the slaves:. the dancing of those slaves who, looking through the windows of a plantation manor house from the yard, imitated the steps so gravely performed by the masters within and then added to them their own special flair, burlesquing the white folks and then going on to force the s
36、teps into a choreography uniquely their own. The whites, looking out at the activity in the yard, thought that they were being flattered by imitation and were amused by the incongruity of tattered blacks dancing courtly steps, while missing completely the fact that before their eyes a European cultu
37、ral form was becoming Americanized, undergoing a metamorphosis through the mocking activity of a people partially sprung from Africa. Jazz brought together elements from Africa and Europe, fusing them into a new culture, an expression unique to the Americas.Out of this fusion came an idea that we Am
38、ericans believe central to our identity: tolerance. Both cultures represented in Ellison’s passage eventually came to realize each other’s value. Americans acknowledge that in diversity is our strength. We learn every day that other cultures and peoples may make valuable contributions to
39、 our way of life. Jazz music is the embodiment of this ideal, combining elements from African and European culture into a distinctly American music.Jazz reflects two contradictory facets of American life. On the one hand it is a team effort, where every musician is completely immersed in what the gr
40、oup does together, listening to each of the other players and building on their contributions to create a musical whole. On the other hand, the band features a soloist who is an individual at the extreme, a genius like Charlie Parker who explores musical territory where no one has ever gone before.
41、In the same sense, American life is also a combination of teamwork and individualism, a combination of individual brilliance with the ability to work with others.This passage is mainly about().A.Jazz and its history.B.Jazz and the soul of Africa.C.Jazz and its prospects.D.Jazz and the soul of Americ
42、a.5.Patients tend to feel indignant and insulted if the physician tells them he can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term psychogenic to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many forms of pain have no under
43、lying physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress, or hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of conversion hysteria.Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially seriou
44、s illness. Some people are so terrified of getting news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. The only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works; so that more people
45、 will be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.Of all forms of pain, none is more important for the individual to understand than the threshold variety. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggered whenever tensi
46、on or fatigue reaches a certain point. It can take the form of a migraine-type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or a pain in the lower back or even in the joints.The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their cause doesn&rs
47、quo;t panic when they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension. Then, if the pain persists despite the absence of apparent cause, the individual will telephone the doctor.As soon as person gets threshold pains, he should ().A. telephone the doctor immediatelyB. first re
48、lieve the stress and tension which cause the painsC. wait to let the pains reach a certain pointD. take pain-killer6.Later the Greeks moved east from Cumae to Neapolis, the New City, a little farther along the coast where modern Naples now stands. We have a very good idea what life in this sun-splas
49、hed land was like during the Roman era because of the recovered splendor of Pompeii and Herculaneum. But as the well-trod earth of Campania continues to yield ancient secrets, Mastrolorenzo and Petrone, with their colleague Lucia Pappalardo, have put together a rich view of an earlier time and what may have been humankind’s first encounter with the primal force of Vesuvius.Almost all has come to light by chance. In May 2001, for example, construction workers began digging the foundation for a su