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1、The ing form as the Subject , Object ，Predictive, Attributive and Object ComplementGrammarHave you ever seen these signs?parking, spitting, littering, smoking-ing forms1. 动词动词-ing形式的构成形式的构成: 是在动词末尾加是在动词末尾加-ing 形式构成形式构成, 因此又叫动词的因此又叫动词的 -ing 形式。形式。如如: do-doing, be-being, ask-asking, etc.否定形式否定形式: not+
2、 -ing 构成构成2. 动词动词-ing形式形式不能单独作谓语不能单独作谓语, 没有人称和没有人称和数的变化数的变化, 但可以有自己的宾语和状语但可以有自己的宾语和状语, 还有还有时态和语态的变化。时态和语态的变化。3. 动词动词-ing形式由动词加形式由动词加-ing变化而成变化而成, 它同时具有它同时具有名词和动词名词和动词的特征的特征, 在句中可以在句中可以作主语、宾语等。作主语、宾语等。指出指出-ing形式在下面句中的成分。形式在下面句中的成分。Finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.He enjoys listen
3、ing to violin music.China is a developing country.The music is exciting.We heard her singing in her room.Being ill, she went back home.主语主语宾语宾语定语定语表语表语宾语补足语宾语补足语状语状语一、动词一、动词-ing形式作主语形式作主语 1. 表示表示经常的、习惯性的经常的、习惯性的动作或状态动作或状态, 谓语动词通常用单数。谓语动词通常用单数。如：如： 1）Walking is a good form of exercise for both young
4、and old. 2）Watching news on TV has become a routine for me. 3）Going to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 4）Asking a womans age is impolite in our country. 2. -ing形式作主语时常后置形式作主语时常后置, 此时须用此时须用it作形式主作形式主语语, 用形容词或名词作表语。用形容词或名词作表语。常见的名词或名词短语有常见的名词或名词短语有: no use, no good, fun, hard work, a hard / di
5、fficult job, a waste of time 等等; 形容词有形容词有: dangerous, worthwhile, useless等。等。归纳归纳: 常用常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：形式作主语的句型有： It +be +a waste of time doing It is/was no good/use doing It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing It is/was worth/worthwhile doing There is no doing.无法无法; 不允许不允许3. 在在there be no.结构中作主语结构中作主语
6、, 这种结构这种结构的意思相当于的意思相当于“It is impossible to do ”。 There is no sense in doing 做做没有道理没有道理 There is/was no use doing 做做无意义无意义 There is/was nothing worse than doing 没有比没有比更糟的更糟的 There is/was no point doing 做做无意义无意义1)There is no hiding of evil but not to do it若要人不知若要人不知, 除非己莫为。除非己莫为。2)There is no joking a
7、bout such matter.这种事开不得玩笑。这种事开不得玩笑。3)There was no knowing when he would leave.无法知道他什么时候离开。无法知道他什么时候离开。Try to tell the meaning of each sentence.注意注意: There is no need to do sth 没必要做某事没必要做某事, 在此句式中在此句式中to do 不可换为不可换为doing.There is no need to tell her. 提示提示: 当动名词用作主语时当动名词用作主语时, 其逻辑主语由其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词和名词所
8、有格构成。形容词性物主代词和名词所有格构成。1）My sisters being ill made me worried.2）Your being right doesnt necessarily mean my being wrong.动名词与不定式做主语时的比较：动名词与不定式做主语时的比较：动名词表示的动作通常是一个动名词表示的动作通常是一个习惯性的长期进行习惯性的长期进行的动作的动作, 不定式则通常表示不定式则通常表示动作的一次性或短暂性动作的一次性或短暂性。e.g.1）Teaching English is my job.2）Finding ways to grow more ric
9、e has been his life goal.3）To reach there on time is my task.二、动名词用作宾语二、动名词用作宾语 动名词作宾语有两种情况。动名词作宾语有两种情况。1. 只能后接只能后接-ing作宾语的动词作宾语的动词, 常见的有常见的有avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, escape, cannot help, imagine, mind, miss, practise, cannot stand, excuse, fancy, give up, put of
10、f, risk, insist on, look forward, feel like等。等。e.g.1）I cant avoid going2）Have you considered looking for one special friend?3）People couldnt help laughing foolish man2. 既可接既可接-ing和和to do作宾语的动词作宾语的动词, 常见的有常见的有: begin, start, continue, like, love, prefer, by, mean, forget，remember, hate等。等。A. 在在 like,
11、 love, hate, prefer等动词之后，等动词之后，用用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同或不定式意义上没有什么不同, 只是侧重只是侧重点有些不同点有些不同, ing表示泛指的动作表示泛指的动作, to do表示具体的一次性动作。表示具体的一次性动作。B. 在在 begin/start, continue之后之后, 用动名词和用动名词和不定式不定式, 意义意义没有什么不同没有什么不同, 尤其是当主语是尤其是当主语是人的时候。人的时候。 C. 在动词在动词forget, remember, regret之后之后, 用用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词与不定式意义不同。-ing 表示动作已
12、经发生表示动作已经发生, ,-to do 表示动作还没发生；表示动作还没发生；I remember posting the letterIll remember to post the letterI shall never forget seeing the famous writerDont forget to write to your motherI regret missing the reportI regret to say I cant take your adviceD. 意义各不相同意义各不相同try to do (设法设法) mean to do (打算打算, 有意要做有
13、意要做) try doing (试试试试) mean doing (意思是意思是, 意味着意味着)be used to doing 习惯于做某事习惯于做某事 be used to do 被用来做某事被用来做某事cant help doing 禁不住做某事禁不住做某事cant help to do 不能帮助做某事不能帮助做某事E. go on doing 继续做一直在做的事继续做一直在做的事; go on to do 接着做另一件事。接着做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事停止做某事stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。停下正在干的事去干另一件事。3. 在介词后接动名词作宾语在
14、介词后接动名词作宾语1) I insist on taking proper food for this trip2) Instead of smiling, each of them made a face3) She was very interested in working for our company注：下列短语中的注：下列短语中的to都是介词都是介词, 所以动词要所以动词要接接-ing形式形式: devote to, object to, pay attention to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, stick to,be us
15、ed to等。等。 三、三、-ing形式作定语形式作定语1. 单个动词的单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面被修饰名词的前面, 既可以表示被修饰既可以表示被修饰者的者的作用或功能作用或功能, 也可以表示被修饰者也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。的动作或状态。e.g.building materials = materials for building 建筑材料建筑材料drinking water = water for drinkinga walking stick = a stick for walkinga reading room = a room for rea
16、ding a writing desk = a desk for writingtiring music = music that is tiring a surprising result= a result that is surprising 2. ing 形式短语作定语时形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之放在所修饰的名词之后后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。1）They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 2）The ma
17、n standing there is Peters father. = The man who is standing there is Peters father. 3）Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined. 3. -ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语形式短语也可以用作非限制定语, 相当于一个非限制性定语从句相当于一个非限制性定语从句, 这时这时, 它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。1) His brothe
18、r, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 2) The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. = The apple tree, which was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. 四、四、-ing形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语1. 1) 动词动词-i
19、ng形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面后面, 表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作, 强调一个过程或一种状态。强调一个过程或一种状态。如：如：(1)When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. (2)We found the snake eating the eggs. 2) 当主句转换为被动结构时当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补原来作宾语补足语的动词足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。形式便转换为主语补足语。如：如： They
20、 found the result very satisfying. = The result is found very satisfying. They heard him singing in the next room. = He was heard singing in the next room.2. 能用能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1) 表示感觉和心理状态的动词表示感觉和心理状态的动词, 常见的有常见的有 see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。等。
21、 a. We saw a light burning in the window. b. I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. c. Can you smell anything burning? d. As he spoke, he observed everybody looking at him curiously. e. I didnt notice him waiting.2) 表示指使意义的动词表示指使意义的动词, 常见的有常见的有 have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。如：等。如：I wont h
22、ave you doing that. This set me thinking.Im sorry to have kept you waiting. I cant get the clock going again.You wont catch me doing that again.3. see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用等动词之后用-ing形式形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别：和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别： 前者表示动作前者表示动作正在进行正在进行, 而后者表示而后者表示(或强调或强调) 动作从开始到结束的全动作从开始到结束的全过程过程。如。如:We passe
23、d by the classmates and saw the teacher making the experiment.我们走过教室我们走过教室, 看见老师在做实验。看见老师在做实验。(只在走过教室的刹那间只在走过教室的刹那间, 看见老师正在做实验看见老师正在做实验) 五、五、-ing形式作表语形式作表语 -ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后形式作表语时放在系动词之后, 用来泛指用来泛指某种动作或行为某种动作或行为, 以说明主语的身份、性质或以说明主语的身份、性质或情况。情况。1) Her hobby is painting. 2) My job is looking after the c
24、hildren.3) His concern for his mother is most touching.4) She was very pleasing in her appearance.六六.现在分词作状语现在分词作状语现在分词作状语时现在分词作状语时, 分词的逻辑主语必须是分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语句子的主语, 分词必须和句中的主语含有逻辑分词必须和句中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系上的主谓关系, 否则不能用现在分词作状语。否则不能用现在分词作状语。但要注意它的各种形式变化但要注意它的各种形式变化:主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式 V-ing being V-ed having
25、V-ed having been V-ed 一般式一般式完成式完成式e. g. 1) Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom. (听见和进入两个动作同时发生听见和进入两个动作同时发生)2) The building being built now is our new library. (being built为现在分词的被动形式为现在分词的被动形式, 表示动作正表示动作正在进行之中在进行之中)3) Having done the work, he went home. 主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式 V-in
26、g being V-ed having V-ed having been V-ed 一般式一般式完成式完成式现在分词在句中作状语现在分词在句中作状语, 修饰谓语动词或整修饰谓语动词或整个句子个句子, 表示动作发生的表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式、原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随结果、条件、伴随等。现在分词等。现在分词一般不用作一般不用作表目的地状语表目的地状语(通常用不定式表目的地状语通常用不定式表目的地状语)。1）Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.=When I was walking in the str
27、eet, I came across an old friend of mine.1表时间状语表时间状语2表原因状语表原因状语1）Being ill, he didnt go to school.=As he was ill, he didnt go to school.2）Being a student, you should study hard.=Since you are a student, you should study hard. 3 表方式、伴随情况的状语表方式、伴随情况的状语: 作伴随状语的分词作伴随状语的分词表示的动作表示的动作, 必须是必须是主语的一个动作主语的一个动作
28、, 或是或是与谓语与谓语所表示地动作所表示地动作(或状态或状态)同时发生同时发生, 或是或是对谓语表示对谓语表示的动词的动词(或状态或状态)作进一步地补充说明作进一步地补充说明。1) He sat on the sofa, watching TV.=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.2) 他们笑着谈着走进了教室。他们笑着谈着走进了教室。_ , they went into the classroom.Laughing and talking4 表结果表结果e.g. 1) Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with he
29、r younger brother.=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.2) The song is sung all over the country,_.making it the most popular song5 表条件表条件1) Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find a way._, you will see a white house.2) Walking ahead6 与逻辑主
30、语构成独立主格与逻辑主语构成独立主格: 1) I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard2) All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 3) Time permitting, well do another two exercises. *有时也可用有时也可用with (without) +名词名词(代词宾格代词宾格) +分词形式。分词形式。 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 7 作独立成分作独立成分:
31、 1) Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. Thank you! 1. The _ boy was last seen _ near the bank of the lake. A. missing; playing B. missing; play C. missed; played D. missed; to play解析解析: missing是形容词是形容词, 作作boy的定语的定语, 意思是意思是“失踪的失踪的”。 was last seen playing表示被看见时正在玩。表示被看见时正在玩。真题解析真题解析A
32、精析精析: :根据句意根据句意“it may now be too late to ” 和和 “already” 可知可知“河流已经被严重污染河流已经被严重污染”, 应用完成时。答案应用完成时。答案 A。高考链接高考链接1._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (2004全国全国) A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. That D. SufferedA2. _ the general state of his health, it may ta
33、ke him a while to recover from the operation. (全国2002)A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given解析解析: 本题考查过去分词作状语的用法。本题考查过去分词作状语的用法。分析题干分析题干, 前一部分相当于一个条件状语从句前一部分相当于一个条件状语从句, 即即 If he is given , 因为主句是因为主句是 it, 从句应含从句应含被动意义被动意义, 这恰是过去分词作状语的基本含义这恰是过去分词作状语的基本含义即含被动意义。答案即含被动意义。答案 A。A3. The picture _ o
34、n the wall is painted by my niece. (2001上海上海) A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung解析解析: 分析题目可知分析题目可知, 谓语是谓语是 is painted, 那么选项部分那么选项部分应是充当定语的。应是充当定语的。A项是现在分词的完成式项是现在分词的完成式, 其一般其一般不作定语不作定语, 只作时间或原因状语只作时间或原因状语; C项动词项动词“第三人称第三人称单数单数”显然也不能作定语显然也不能作定语, 只作谓语只作谓语; 分析分析 the picture与动作与动作 hang 之间的
35、关系之间的关系, 其不含被动意义其不含被动意义, D项排除项排除; B项是现在分词的一般式项是现在分词的一般式, 相当于定语从句相当于定语从句which is hanging。答案。答案 B。 B 4. Lets have a rest Not now. I dont want to stop _ yet(MET 1985) A. study B. to study C. for studying D. studying 解析解析: stop studying 意为意为“停止学习停止学习”。 D 5. Let me tell you something about the journalist
36、s Dont you remember _ me the story yesterday? (1999上海高考上海高考) A. told B. telling C. to tell D. to have told 解析解析: remember telling me 意为意为“记得曾经告诉过我记得曾经告诉过我”。 B 1. What made you so upset? _ two tickets to the pop music concert. A. Losing B. Because of losing C. To lose D. Because I had lost 2. I cant
37、imagine _ that with them. A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing A考考你考考你D 3. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 4. _ is forbidden inside the park. A. To cycle B. We cycle C. Anyone cycles D. Cycling
38、BD5. I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop 6. The old lady needs _. A. look afterB. to look after C. looking after D. being looked afterCC1. If you can keep _(read) En
39、glish newspapers, your English will be improved. 2. He has promised _(come) to my birthday party.3. I hate _(tell) lies!4. I will never forget _(go) to Beijing with him last summer. I forgot _(tell) her the news; so she knew nothing about it.Complete these sentences:readingto cometelling/to tellgoin
40、gto tell1.出国旅行是很激动人心的出国旅行是很激动人心的。Travelling abroad is very exciting.2. 在这儿等是没用的在这儿等是没用的, 我们走吧我们走吧。Its no use waiting here. Lets go.3. 我记得在哪里见过他我记得在哪里见过他。I remember seeing her somewhere.Translation 4. 我后悔没听你的劝告。我后悔没听你的劝告。I regret not following your advice.5. 帮助别人就是帮助你自己。帮助别人就是帮助你自己。Helping others means helping yourself.For more exercises, click here.