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1、英语语法 教案 教 案 课程名称 英语语法 Lecture 1 Sentence Structure 教学重点及难点： 1. The claification of bound morpheme and the frequently applied bound morphemes; 2. The basic clause types and their transformation and expansion 教 学 基 本 内 容 1. Basic Concepts of morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences; 2. Ways o
2、f word-formation: affixation, derivation and composition; 3. Ways of sentence analysis: one ways is to divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial.The other way is to divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the predication.4. Basic clause types include SV
3、C, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, and SvoO.An affirmative clause can be transformed into a negative; a statement into a question, and a active clause into a paive.All these add varieties to the basic clause types. Lecture 1 Sentence structure Owing to the fact that sentences in authentic language differ
4、structurally in thousands of ways, what is described here as sentence structure, sentence elements, or sentence patterns is only concerned with the simple sentence, or rather with the clause.1.1 clause elements As has been pointed out before, the clause or the simple sentence is structurally a seque
5、nce of phrases and logically a construction of subject+ predicate.That is to say, the clause or the simple sentence is not just an agglomeration of phrases; it is a group of phrases organized into a construction of subject+ predicate.1) Subject and predicate A full-fledged clause can generally be di
6、vided into two parts: the subject and the predicate.The subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tell of what the sentence is about.The predicate says something about the subject and bear the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader.The subj
7、ect is generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase, while the construction of the predicate, which is more complicated, generally consists of a verb phrase with or without complementation.2) Two ways of sentence analysis To facilitate description of how English language works
8、, sentences can be analyzed in two ways.One way is to divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial.These elements together with the subject make the five clause elements.The other ways of sentence analysis is to divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the
9、predication.The operator is usually the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase, while the predication comprises the main verb with its complementation (object, complement or adverbial).1.2 basic clause types and their transformation and expansion In terms of the different combinat
10、ions of clause elements, English clauses can be claified into seven basic types.Innumerable authentic sentences are structured on the basis of these clause types.1) Basic clause types The seven basic clause types are SVC, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, and SVoO.These seven combinations of clause elements
11、 are wholly or largely determined by the main verb in the clause.The main verb in an SVC pattern is a linking or copula verb which must be followed by a subject complement.The main verb in an SV pattern is an intransitive verb which is not to be followed by any obligatory element except for a limite
12、d number of intransitive verbs which require an obligatory adverbial, thus constituting the pattern SVA.The main verb in an SVO pattern us a monotranstitive which must be followed by an object, and with some monotransitives the object must again be followed by an obligatory adverbial, thus constitut
13、ing the pattern SVOA.The main verb in an SVOC pattern is a complex transitive verb which must be followed by an object+ object complement.The main verb in an SVoO pattern is a ditransitive verb which is to e followed by two objects: indirect and direct object.2) Transformation and expansion of basic
14、 clause types The basic clause types are all affirmative statements with verbs in the active voice.An affirmative clause can be transformed into a negative; s statement into a question; and an active clause into a paive.All these add varieties to the basic clause types.The basic clause types and the
15、ir variants can also be expanded into larger grammatical units through adding modifiers at various levels, and these larger units can again be expanded through coordination and subordination into compound, complex and compound-complex sentences. Lectures 2&3 Subject-verb Concord 教学重点及难点： 1. The appl
16、iance of grammatical, notional and proximity concords in some special conditions; 2. Problems of subject-verb concord. 教 学 基 本 内 容 1. The concepts of three principles guiding subject-verb concord: grammatical concord, notional concord and proximity concord. 2. Problems of concord with a coordinate s
17、ubject: concord with and or bothand, concord with or/ eitheror, nor/ neithernor, not onlybut also; 3. Problems of concord with expreions of quality as subject: concord with expreion of definite quality as subject, concord with expreion of indefinite quality as subject; 4. Other problems of subject-v
18、erb concord: problems of concord with a nominal clause as subject, subject-verb concord with a non-finite clause or subject, subject-verb concord in relative clauses, cleft-sentences, and existential sentences. Lecture 2 Subject-verb Concord (I) 2.1 Guiding principles 1) Grammatical concord 2) Notio
19、nal concord 3) Proximity 2.2 Problems of concord with nouns ending in -s Disease and game names ending in s They are mostly treated as singulars. A few such names can be used either as singular or as plural.Subject names ending in ics Such names are generally singular nouns, but some such nouns are
20、treated as plural when used in other senses than subject names. Geographical names ending in s Plural except for a few treated as singular when used as country names.4) Other nouns ending in s Disease and game names ending in s They are mostly treated as singulars. A few such names can be used eithe
21、r as singular or as plural. Measles, mumps, rickets, shingles, diabetes, arthritis, phlebitis, AIDS, etc. Subject names ending in ics Such names are generally singular nouns, but some such nouns are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject names. Acoustics, claics, electronics, infor
22、matics, linguistics, mechanics, optics, plastics, thermodynamics, etc. Geographical names ending in s Plural except for a few treated as singular when used as country names. Other nouns ending in s Calipers, compaes, flares, forceps, glaes, jeans, pants, pincers, pliers, scales, sciors, shades, shor
23、ts, suspenders, spectacles, etc. 2.3 problems of concord with collective nouns as subject 1) Collective nouns usually used as plural People, police, cattle, militia, poultry, vermin, etc.2) Collective nouns usually used as singular Foliage, cutlery, poetry, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandi
24、se, etc.3) Collective nouns used either as plural or as singular Couple, crew, government, majority, opposition ,etc 4) A committee, etc + plural noun A committee / board / panel of Lecture 3 Subject-verb Concord (II) Teaching Contents 3.1 Problems of concord with a coordinate subject 3.2 Problems o
25、f concord with expreions of quantity as subject 3.3 Other problems of subject-verb concord 3.1 Problems of concord with a coordinate subject Coordination by and or both and It is usually treated as plural when it refers to two or more than two persons/things, but it is singular when referring to one
26、 person or thing.e.g. Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports. Your friend and adviser has agreed to lend me his money.After each and each or every and every, the verb is also in the singular form: e.g. Each man and each woman is asked to help.Every flower and every bush is to be cut down. T
27、he indefinite pronouns anybody/anyone, everybody/everyone, nobody/no one, and somebody/someone combine with singular verb forms, even though co-referent pronouns and determiners may be plural forms.e.g.Everybodys doing what they think theyre supposed to do.Nobody has their fridges repaired any more,
28、 they cant afford it. each/every he/she/they e.g.At the moment each of the girls was too busy thinking about her own personal safety to care much about the luggage.But each/every+ singular n. they/their is right as well. e.g.Each of the students should have his/their own books. Every member brings t
29、heir own lunch.In such exams as TOEFL, the pronoun referring to nobody/everybody/everyone/someone/somebody/anybody/anyone/no one can only be he/his instead of they/their.However, as English learners it must be known that everyonethey is used more often than everyonehe.e.g.Everyone warned you, didnt
30、they? Has anybody brought their camera? No one could have blamed themselves for that. Every one / each / each one /*every one of the students should have their/his own books. 2) Coordination by or / eitheror, neithernor, not only.but also Here the problem is dealt with according to the principle of
31、proximity.e.g. My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home. Either my father or my brothers are coming. Informally we can have the following use: e.g.Neither he nor his wife have arrived. In formal cases, especially in exams, neither is used with singular verb.e.g.Neither of them is bright.When
32、 used with plural nouns in informal cases, neither can also be used with plural verb.e.g.Neither of the books are/is very interesting. -I cant swim. -Neither can I. - He didnt like the play. -Nor did we.Neither is usually in formal cases, but nor is often used in spoken English. 3) Subject + as well
33、 as, as much as, rather than, more than, no le than; with, along with, together with, in addition to, except + Verb (determined by the form of the subject e.g. Some of the workers, as well as the manager, were working during the holidays.No one except two students was late for the dinner. 3.2 Proble
34、ms of concord with expreions of quantity as subject 1) Concord with expreion of definite quantity as subject a) When regarded as a single unit, the verb is singular; when regarded as the individuals that constitute the quantity, the verb takes plural form.e.g. Twenty years in prison was the penalty
35、he had to pay. b) a fraction/percentage + of-phrase+ ( d) one in/out of + Plural noun + Verb (fml.Singular; infml.plural) e.g.One in ten students has/have failed the exam.2) Concord with expreion of indefinite quantity as subject.a) all of/some of/ none of /half of/most of + noun phrase of indefinit
36、e quantity + ( Usage is fairly evenly divided between singular and plural concord with none of: e.g.None of us has been aboard except Vinck.None of us really believe its ever going to happen not to us, she said at last.Fiction However, none alone shows a distinct preference for singular concord: e.g
37、.None describes him/herself as such in the partys official literature.(NEWS) Plural concord is the norm in conversation, while in the written registers there is an overall preference for singular concord. None of + N.+ V 1) 当none与不行数名词连用或指代不行数名词时，其谓语动词总是用单数。 e.g.I wanted some more coffee, but there
38、was none left.2) 当none与复数名词连用或指代复数名词时，传统语法规定其谓语动词必需用单数。此用法得到英语教材和各类英语实体的确定和强调。但是，实际应用中人们往往运用概念一样原则，用动词的复数形式。所以，Quirk说：用复数动词较为常见，并且，在正式用法中也为人们普遍接受。 e.g.None of the books has/have been placed on the shelves.None but the brave deserves the fair. 唯有勇者才配得上美女。 None are so deaf as those who will not hear.
39、不愿听从的人是最聋的人。 no one 单独运用时只用于指人。 e.g.No one should pride themselves on this result.但是，no one之后接-of短语时，既可指人也可指物。 e.g.No one of you could lift it.I reach three books on this subject, no one of which was helpful.None 既可指人也可指物。 e.g.How many elephants did you see? None.No one of them really understands th
40、e problems. No one 与no-one在英语里是并存的， 目前尚未统一形式。No-one 为英国英语， 而no one是美国英语 b) lots of/heaps of/loads of/scads of/plenty of + noun phrase + ( There is a collection of pictures at the Town Hall. a great deal / a great many a great (good) deal之后要加介词of才能与名词连用，而a great (good) many可以干脆与名词连用。另外，a great deal o
41、f跟不行数名词连用，而a great many则与可数名词连用。 e.g.The chest contained a great/good deal of money. A great deal还可作形容词或副词比较级的修饰语 e.g.That job was a great deal easier.a lot of 既可跟不行数名词也可跟可数名词，谓语动词确定于名词的单复数。 e.g.There is a lot of beer in those bottles there. lots of 与amounts of , quantities of 不同， 后两者是中心词而非修饰语。 e.g.
42、Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.Quantities of food were on the table. a variety of + n.做主语时，其谓语动词确定于名词的数，也就是说，此处起作用的是概念一样原则。 e.g.A great variety of books were recently published. a wide range of + pl.n.充当主语时，其谓语动词应用单数；a bouquet of flowers也是用单数。 e.g.A wide range of washing-machines an
43、d refrigerators is displayed in our showroom. A bouquet of flowers was presented to the vicars wife. a set of + pl.n.做主语时，人们运用谓语动词的形式并不是很一样。 e.g.There is a set of rules that you must follow if you are going mountain-climbing.There are set of unscrupulous scoundrels. d) determiner + species nouns (ki
44、nd/type/sort) of + noun phrase (singular countable noun/uncountable noun) +verb (singular) e.g.This kind of apples is highly priced. With countable nouns there tends to be agreement in number between the species noun and the following noun (e.g.that kind of thing v.all kinds of things).But we also f
45、ind: Singular species noun + pl.noun e.g.I dont know what kind of dinosaurs they all are. I mean, do we want these kind of people in our team? Pl.species noun + singular noun e.g.Thieves tended to target certain types of car he said.e) many a + noun phrase + verb (singular) more than one + singular
46、noun + singular verb more pl.noun + than one + pl.verb e.g.Many a man has sacrificed his life. More than one member has protested against the proposal.More persons than one have been involved. f) In an average of/a majority of + noun phrase (pl.) + verb, when noun is regarded as the individuals that
47、 constitute the quantity, the verb takes plural form; otherwise, it is singular.e.g.A majority of the towns younger men are moving to the city. A majority of three votes to one was recorded.3.3 Other problems of subject-verb concord 1) Problems of concord with a nominal clause as subject When the subject is a nominal clause introduced by what, which, how, why, whether, the verb usually takes th