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1、语言运用之完形填空完形填空四大体裁记叙文、议论文、说明文、夹叙夹议生活故事类、推理故事类、事理说明类完形填空文章三大题材完形填空成功学法则一：词汇和语法是完形填空的解题基础1. 为什么大多数学生都觉得完形难？第一大障碍就是词汇量不足。有的学生连选项中的一半单词都不认识！试想，如果你连要选的单词都不认识，怎么能很好地代入上下文进行语义逻辑的分析？要知道，往往一个逻辑分析错误将会导致接下来出现一连串的逻辑分析错误。2.虽然现在完形填空淡化了对语法的考查，但是在很多时候我们还是要借助语法，特别是语法中的句法来加强句子结构的理解。而很好地理解句子结构右能增进你对整体句意的理解，所以良好的语法基础，特别
2、是良好的句法基础对于解答完形填空是非常有利的。目标：作为一名合格的高中生，你应该要牢记考纲所规定的3500个大纲词汇。同时也要掌握基本的语法规则以便能更好地理解和运用英语。当达到这个要求后，你作答英语试卷就像作答中文试卷那样容易了。法则二：逻辑推理是完形填空的解题灵魂。学生解答完形填空的第二大障碍就是逻辑推理能力的不能。这也是为什么学生具备了词汇量和语法知识做题准确率还是不高的重要原因。完形填空除了考查词汇和语法方面的基础知识外，另一项考查重点就是句与句之间、段与段之间乃至文章整篇结构等的逻辑关系。而很多学生通常只依靠常识和感觉去解题，而忽略了最重要的句与句之间的逻辑关系。这样往往很危险。要知
3、道，文章中某人的经历或某事的发展不一定符合常识。目标：加强训练利用文章中相关联的已知线索来推测未知线索的逻辑推理能力。以逻辑推理为主，常识和感觉为辅才是解答完形填空的正确方法。法则三“闲词闲句”是完形填空的解题关键完形填空之中无闲句，完形之中无闲词！那些没设空的地方就是宝贵的已知信息！而这些已知线索就是逻辑推理的重要依据，是解答完形的关键信息。一篇完形文章其实主要由两种信息构成：未知信息和已知信息，未知信息就是那些设空的地方，而已知信息就是没设空的地方，把握好已知信息才是解答完形的关键所在。目标：没有设空的已知线索就是解题的关键线索。我们要像侦探一样，通过分析和排查，找出与某个设空处相关联的那
4、些已知线索，再利用这些线索进行与之相关联的逻辑推理，从而最终得出正确答案。完形难，主要原因在两个方面：一方面是基本功不扎实，单词、短语搭配等掌握不全面；另一方面是不会利用已知线索来进行推断。做好完形，必须攻克以上两个方面的不足，夯实基础。完形解题技巧之词语复现完形解题技巧之词语同现完形解题技巧之前后搭配完形解题技巧之逻辑推理完形解题技巧之背景常识完形解题技巧完形解题步骤细读首句，预测主题跳读全文，领会大意通读全文，试选答案复读全文，确定答案1.原词复现2.同源词复现（又叫同根词复现）3.同义或近义词复现（包括与近义词的同根词复现，如ill与sickness）4.上下词复现（即总括与分述，如an
5、imal是sheep, tiger, wolf等的上义词；rose是flower下义词等）完形解题技巧之词语复现 1.原词复现：为了表达的需要，在具体的上下文中同一个单词重复出现。e.g.Mrs. Neil would ask me for my 37 . She wanted to know how I thought She believed I had opinions, so I began to 37. A. opinion B. impression C. information D. intention【解析】选A。由ask me for my和后文的she believed I
6、 had opinions可知，她相信我有观点，所以才询问我。 37 与下文opinions是原词复现，从此可以得到启示。2.同义词、反义词复现：同义词、近义词复现是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文的语义得以连接起来。e.g.For example, babies about fourteen months old almost always notice if something is taken away from a small group. But when the number goes beyond three or four, the children are
7、_ fooled.A. seldom B. temporarily C. merely D. often【解析】选D。由But可知，后文使表示与always notice相对应的意思，当数字超过三四个以后，就“常常”能欺骗这些婴儿了。故选D often，与always同义词复现。3.反义词复现：语意的连贯有时是通过对比结构而采用反义复现的手段，或者是从反义的方式对前文加以解释，学生可以从反义的角度判断正确的选项。e.g.A man was trying to take a photo of a crow (乌鸦) that had a nest in a tower, but the crow
8、 always left when she saw him coming. The bird did not _ until the man left the tower.A. relax B. recover C. react D. return【解析】选D。与上句中的left相对，“离开”“返回”这两者是反义词复现。4.原词重现（词性变化）：对于上下文语义复现的表达，出现在前后文的词的词性发生改变。e.g.Chinese government challenged local schools to conduct experiments in education reform. And t
9、hen Renda Fuzhong Xisan school in Beijing stepped up to the _.A. chargeB. exchangeC. challengeD. experience【解析】选C。因challenged(n.挑战)与上文的challenged(v.挑战)是同源词复现或同根词复现。完形解题技巧之词语同现 某些语义相关联的词语在语篇中共同出现的倾向性，叫词语同现。 同现词之间有反义或相对关系，或者同类互补关系等，如different与same; cruel与friendly; death与destruction; ill与pale; patient,
10、 nurse, doctor, operation等。 词语同现又分为场所同现、修饰同现、因果同现、结构同现和同义（反义）同现。1. 场所同现some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel to feel guilty when stealing some food to eat, if lives in a really poor area and he is _.A. begging B. starving C. growing D. wandering【解
11、析】选B。根据上下文以及前文中的he lives in a really poor area,应选starving，属于场所同现。2. 修饰同现Although these wide modern roads are generally _ and well maintained, with few sharp curves and many straight sections, a direct route is not always the most enjoyable one.A. stable B. smooth C. splendid D. complicated【解析】选B。本题涉
12、及到形容词和名词的修饰同现。与高速公路同现的形容词自然应该是“平坦”。3. 因果同现Hooray! shouted the crowd. It was the loudest _ I had ever heard at a meet. The first-place runner was two laps(圈) ahead of me when she crossed the finish line.A. cheer B. shout C. cry D. noise【解析】选A。句中Hooray, runner, finishing line和cheer, shout为因果同现词汇，都为体育赛
13、跑比赛中所用的词汇，尽管选项中有shout一词，但由下文“two laps ahead of me when she crossed the finishing line.”可知，cheer“喝彩”最为贴切。4. 结构同现The school decided that when the driver opened both the front and back doors, students who were getting off the bus should get off first, and students who were getting on should get on _.A.
14、 sooner B. later C. faster D. earlier【解析】选B。因与first同现的应是later，属于结构重现。5. 同义（反义）同现The argument has been on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual（智力的） growth by _ situation that has designed for the average children.A. designing B. grouping C. learning D.
15、 living【解析】选C。与classes, children, intellectual同现的单词，很可能是learning，属于同义同现。We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be _ to other people. It is also right to look after the environment.A. kind B. sensitive C. fair D. generous【解析】选A。与下文“to look after the environment”
16、意义相近的应该是be kind to others，同义同现。完形解题技巧之前后搭配1. 动介搭配On April 12, 1988, Alfreds brother Ludwig died of heart attack. A major French newspaper _ his brother for him and A. found B. misunderstood C. mistook D. judged【解析】选C。根据动介搭配原则，能与“A for B”搭配的在四个选项中只有C， mistake A for B“误以为A是B”。2. 动宾搭配Nobel arranged in
17、his will to give the largest part of his money to _ the Nobel Prizes, which would be awarded to people who A. establish B. form C. develop D. promote【解析】选A。在不定式短语中，宾语是“诺贝尔奖”，动词该用哪一个？根据常识，能与“奖项”搭配的，只有A“设立”符合。3. 句式搭配The book tells us useful skills such as how to put what you have learned into pictures
18、 of your mind to _ your memory better.A. make B. turn C. let D. charge【解析】选A。四个选项中，能接“宾语+形容词作宾补”的只有A， make your memory better意为 “使你的记忆力变得更好”。4. 习语搭配Intellectual Property (IP) 知识产权is a product of the mind that has commercial value. The concept _ back to 1623 when the first patent law to protect IP ri
19、ghts was passed.A. holds B. dates C. sets D. turns【解析】选B。date back to是惯用短语，意为“追溯到”。完形解题技巧之逻辑推理逻辑关系对准确理解语篇意义能够起到很强的提示作用。完形填空中很多题目都围绕它们而设。学生在解题时要充分利用这些逻辑关系语，找到与文中某些词、短语有密切关系的选项，如同义词、近义词或反义词等，有时这些词、短语甚至复现在文中。根据上下文的逻辑关系来推断正确答案，主要包括因果关系、对比关系、并列关系、转折关系、让步关系、递进关系、条件与结果的关系等。从近几年的考题来看，最多的是利用因果关系来推断正确答案。逻辑关系语
20、指表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段，主要有：1.词（包括连词、副词和少数介词），because, though, however, therefore, despite等。2.短语，in other words, or rather, in addition, as a result, so that, on the contrary等。3.分句和独立结构，that is to say, what is more, all things considered等。1.让步关系按一般的复句分类方法，带有连词“尽管”和“即使”的句子是两种不同的句类，带有关联词语“尽管”的句子属于转折复句，带有关联词语“即
21、使”的属于假设复句。但这两个连词在语言运用中却表现出一个共同点，都是表示让步关系。（1）即使下雨也不会太大。（2）尽管诸葛说非常合适，小二黑都觉得不太合适。_ father and I often argue with each other, we are good friends.A. If B. Although C. When D. As if【解析】选B。由句意可知，后文是“彼此争吵“和”好朋友“。那么句意是：尽管我和父亲经常吵架，我们仍然是好朋友。as if引导虚拟语气。2. 转折关系It has been many years since I was last in London,
22、 _ I still remember something that happened during that visit.A. and B. for C. but D. as【解析】选C。空前的“many years”与空后的“still member”从句意上理解是转折关系。3. 平行转折关系Traveling _, today becomes yesterday, traveling west is tomorrow.A. south B. east C. north D. west【解析】选B。不理解时区的规则。根据逻辑判断也可得出结论。由空格后面的往西去是明天，那么往东则是相反的，变
23、成昨天。4. 并列关系English people seem very quiet and reserved. If we make a noise on the bus they look _ and uncomfortable.A. untouched B. worried C. moved D. excited【解析】选B。由“and”可知，and前后是并列的。完形解题技巧之背景常识背景常识题，是指将文段意思和我们原有的生活经验，文化背景知识以及科普常识等结合起来，进行简单推理，从而得出正确答案。该技巧与“逻辑推理”常常交织在一起的，因为虽有背景常识，仍需简单推理；逻辑推理离不开背景常识
24、。In South Korea, who do not need to wait for people to get off. One morning, I hurried to the bus, and when the bus door opened, I _ tried to get on the school bus through the front door.A. politely B. patiently C. unconsciously D. slowly【解析】选C。由首句可知，因韩国人不必等别人下了车再上，由常识“习惯成自然”可知，作者早已习惯不等别人先下了再上车，所以看到
25、校车将门打开后，就“无意识地，不知不觉地”上车了。All the students around looked at me, I was totally _, and my face went red.A. embarrassed B. annoyed C. unsatisfied D. excited【解析】选A。根据常识，周围所有人都看着作者，作者一定会“感到尴尬”。Rules can help the public make the right _, and remain safe.A. suggestion B. conclusions C. turns D. choices【解析】选D。规章告诉人们如何做出正确的选择。学科网（北京）股份有限公司