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1、代词一、人称代词主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词I我memyminemyselfyou你 youyouryoursyourselfhe他himhishishimselfshe她herherhersherselfit它ititsitsitselfwe我们usouroursourselvesyou你们youyouryoursyourselvesthey他们themtheirtheirsthemselves1. 人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。I like table tennis. （作主语）Do you know him?（作宾语）2. 几个人称代词并列做主语
2、时，它们的顺序是单数形式（二三一） you, he, she and I you, Peter, Alice and I复数形式（一二三） we, you and they但是当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反，I 在最前，you 在最后。3. 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：Our teacher is coming to see us. 我们的老师将要来看我们。This is her pencil-box. 这是她的铅笔盒4. 名词性物主代词常用来避免和前面已提及的名词重复，其作用相当于名词并且相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。Our
3、school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语） 这里的theirs相当于their school- Is this English-book yours? （作表语）- No. Mine is in my bag.这里的yours, mine相当于your/my English-bookIve already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语）5. 名词性物主代词可以用在of 后做定语，相当于“of+名词所有格”表示带有部分概念。例如：He is a friend of mine. 他是我
4、的一位朋友。 A friend of my fathers is a doctor.我爸爸的一个朋友是医生。6. 反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。Would you please express yourself in English? 你能用英语表达自己的想法吗The girl in the news is myself. 新闻里的女孩正是我自己。I myself washed the clothes（=I washed the clothes myself.）我自己洗了衣服。He knows himself well.他很了解他自己。反身代词常用的短语teach oneself 自
5、学 learn by oneself 自学enjoy oneself=have a good time =have fun 玩的高兴help oneself to 随便吃 come to oneself 苏醒make yourself at home 别拘束Exercise:1. His MP3 is the same as , but it is more expensive.A. himB. mineC. myD. her2. -Is this the Greens house?-No. _ is over there.A. His B. Their C. Their D. Them3.
6、-Is this kite _ , Tom?-Yes, its mine. Its made by _ .A. yours, myself B. mine, myself C. ours, himself4. Is Miss White _ English teacher, Maria? No, she teaches _ geography.A. your; my B. you; mine C. you; us D. your; us5. Who is the best friend of _ at school? I think Helen is. We often help each o
7、ther. A. mine B. his C. yours D. hers6. How was the evening party yesterday? We enjoyed _ very much.A. usB. ourselvesC. itsD. itself 7. His name is James but he calls _ Jim.A. his B. himself C. him D. /8. -Betty, help _ to some soup.-Thanks a lot.A. youB. your C. yourselfD. yours9. -Help _ to some f
8、ish, children.-Thanks.A. you B. yours C. yourselfD. yourselves填空1. At the age of eight, the boy started teaching _ (he) mathematics.2. She said to _ (she) , What a hard problem!3. The children all thought that they could look after _(they).4. I dont like the present _(it) , but the box.5. The visito
9、rs helped _ (they) to the cakes.6. It was noisy in the room. I could hardly hear _ (I) speak.二、指示代词这,这个那，那个这些那些thisthatthesethose1. this 和these 一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that 和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人。例如：This is a pen and that is a pencil.We are busy these days.In those days the workers had a hard time.2. 有时t
10、hat 和those 指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these 则是指下面将要讲到的事物。例如：I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. 我感冒了，这是我没有来的原因。What I want to say is this: pronunciation is very important in learning English我想说：学习英语时发音很重要。3. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that 或those 代替。例如：Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in
11、Shanghai. 北京造的电视和上海造的一样好。 The weather here is much hotter than that in Beijing. 这里的天气比北京的热很多。4. this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如： Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?你好，我是Mary. 你是Jack吗？Exercise：1. The machines made in China are cheaper than _ made in Japan.A. ones B. that C. those D. it 2. -Look
12、! Whats _ in the sky?-It looks like a kite.A. thisB. thatC. thoseD. these3. Have you found your lost mobile phone? No, I havent found _, but I bought _ this morning. A. one; thatB. that; oneC. it; oneD. one; it三、疑问代词疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。疑问词意思用法when什么时间问时间what time什么时间问具体时间，如几点钟who谁问人wh
13、ose谁的问主人where在哪里问地点which哪一个问选择why为什么问原因what什么问东西、事物what color什么颜色问颜色what about怎么样问意见what day星期几问星期几what date什么日期问日期how怎么样问情况how old多大年纪问年龄how many多少数量（可数名词）问数量how much多少钱，多少数量（不可数名词）问多少钱或数量（不可数）how about怎么样问意见how often多久问频率how long多长时间问时间长度how far多远问多远；多长距离四、不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和
14、定语。不定代词没有确定的对象，常用的有：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some any, no 以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。both两者都all三者都neither两者都不none三者都不either两者（任一个）any三者（任一个）each两者（以上）每一个every三者（以上）每一个both of.两者都谓语动词复数形式neither of.两者都不谓语动词单数形式all of三者都谓语动词复数数形式n
15、one of.三者都不谓语动词单数形式each of.每一个都谓语动词单数形式both.and.两者都谓语动词复数形式either.or.两者任一谓语动词就近原则neither.nor.既不.也不.谓语动词就近原则not only.but also.不仅.而且.谓语动词就近原则as well as并且，以及谓语动词就远原则注：every后面不能直接加of辨析1. some 与any 的区别a. some 多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词或可数名词复数。例如：Look! Some students are cleaning the library. 看！有些学生在
16、打扫图书馆。2）any 多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词和可数名词复数。例如：If you have any questions, please ask me. 如果你有任何困难，可以来问我。3）希望得到对方的肯定回答时，用some而不用any。例如：Would you like some tea? 你想喝点茶吗？2. few, a few, little, a little 在用法上的区别a. 用作形容词用法 含义表示肯定表示否定用于可数名词a few 虽少，但有几个few 不多，几乎没有用于不可数名词a little 虽少，但有一点lit
17、tle 不多，没有什么Im going to buy a few apples.我去买一些苹果。He can speak only a little Chinese.他只会说一点点中文。There is only a little milk in the glass. 玻璃杯里只有一点点牛奶。He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。They had little money with them.他们身边几乎没钱。b. a little和little也可以用作副词，a little 表示“有点，稍微”，little 表示“很少”。Im a little /a bit hungry.
18、 我有一点点饿。 (修饰形容词hungry)Let him sleep a little. 让他睡一小会儿。 (修饰动词sleep)Mary, go a little faster, please. Mary，请走快一点。(修饰副词比较级)She slept very little last night. 她昨天晚上只睡了一会儿。not a little =very much 十分 not a bit =notat all 一点也不3. other, the other, another, others, the others 的区别用法代名词形容词单数复数单数复数不定another另一个ot
19、hers别人，其他人another (boy)另一个（男孩）other (boys)其他（男孩）特定the other另一个the others其余那些人、物the other (boy)另一个(男孩)the other (boys)其余那些(男孩)1） other 可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别的”。Where are his other books?他的其他的书在哪里？I havent any other books except this one. 除了这本书我没有其他书了。2）other 作代词时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与so
20、me 搭配构成“some ., others .”，意为 “一些.另一些.”。Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.3）other 也可以用作代词，与冠词the 连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one 搭配，构成“one ., the other .” 意为“一个.另一个.”He has two brothers. One is 10 years old, the other is 5 years old
21、.She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise book in the other.4）“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。可与some和one搭配，构成 “one. the others.”和“some. the others. ” 意为 “一个.其他的.”和“一些.其他的.”We got home by 4 oclock, but the others didnt get back until 8 oclock.In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese
22、.5）another 可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one。也可以作代词用“另一个”，表追加。You can see another ship in the sea, cant you?Mary doesnt want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?Im still hungry after Ive had this cake. Please give me another.6）表示互相each other表示两者之间的互相one another表示三者及三者以上之间的互相We o
23、ften write to each other.我们经常互相写信。The football players shake hands with one another before the match.比赛开始前足球运动员互相握手。区分：a. There are two students in the classroom. （二者之间）One is reading a book, the other is doing his homework.b. There are three students in the classroom.（三者之间）One is reading a book, an
24、other is doing his homework, the third is sleeping.c. There are five students in the classroom. （特定的范围）One is reading a book, the others are doing their homework.One is reading a book, the other students are doing their homework.One is reading a book, the other four are doing their homework.One is r
25、eading a book, the rest are doing their homework.d. There are forty students in the classroom.（特定范围）Some are reading a book, the others are doing their homework.e. There are many students on the playground. （大范围）Some are playing football, others are playing basketball.4. every 与each 的区别。eachevery1)可
26、单独使用1)不可单独使用2)可做代名词、形容词2)仅作形容词3)着重“个别”3)着重“全体”，毫无例外4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物4）用于三者或三者以上的每一个人或物each of every one of当我们说each child, each student 或each teacher 时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child 和every student 时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every 的意思与all 接近，表示他们都如此。Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love th
27、e English teacher.Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.5. too much 与much too 的用法too much 后面接不可数名词，意为“太多”much too 后面接形容词，意为“太”He is much too fat because he has eaten too much butter.他太胖了因为他吃了太多黄油。6. 复合不定代词somebody 某人anybody 任何人nobody 没人everybody 任何人someone 某人anyone 任何人no one 没人every
28、one 任何人something 某事anything 任何事nothing 没事everything 任何事复合不定代词具有名词性质，在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。复合不定代词的指代对象a. 含-body 和-one 的复合不定代词只用来指人，含-body 的复合不定代词与含-one 的复合不定代词在功能和意义上完全相同，可以互换。只是用-body 时显得较通俗些，多用于口语中，用-one 时显得较文雅些，更常见于正式场合及书面语中。如：Someone/Somebody is crying in the next room.有人在隔壁房间哭。No one/Nobody is
29、stupid. 没有谁是愚蠢的。b. 含-thing 的复合不定代词只用来指事物。如：Are you going to buy anything? 你会去买东西吗？I can hear nothing but your voice. 我只听到了你的声音。c. 复合不定代词的属格(1) 含-one 和-body 等指人的复合代词可有-s 属格形式。如：Everybodys business is nobodys business.大家的事情没人管。Is this anybodys seat? 这儿有人坐吗？(2) 含-one 和-body 等指人的复合代词后跟else 时，-s 属格应加在els
30、e之后。如：Can you remember someone elses name? 你还记得其他人的姓名吗？(3) 含-thing 等指事物的复合不定代词没有-s 属格形式。d. 复合不定代词的数(1) 复合不定代词都具有单数的含义，因此通常被看成是单数第三人称。当它们充当句子的主语时，其后的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Is everyone here today? 今天，大家都到齐了吗？Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。(2) 当要对一群人讲话时，可使用以复合不定代词作主语的祈使句，句中的动词用原形。
31、如：Nobody move！= Don t anybody move！ 都别动！程度好的Everyone lie down! 统统趴下！ Help yourselves to some sweets, everyone. 大家随便吃点糖果。 e. 复合不定代词的替代问题由于复合不定代词都具有单数的含义，所以在正规的英语中用来替代它们的代词也应该是单数形式。(1) 含-one 和-body 等指人的复合代词，其代词应该是he/she, him/her, 其-s 属格形式的代词应该是his/her, his/hers。如：Everyone has his/her own words. 每个人都有他
32、（她）自己的说辞。但是，这样一来就会因为性别的差异而使得在代词的运用上具有不确定性，所以为了避免这种别扭的情况，我们一般都是用they/them/their/theirs,尤其是在口语中以及非正式场合下。如：No one gave you a ticket, did they? 没人给你票，是吗？Someone came in, but I didnt know who they were. 有人进来了，但我不知道是谁。(2) 含-thing 等指事物的复合不定代词，不会因性别上的差异而使得在代词的运用上产生不确定性，因此我们就使用it。如：Something goes wrong, does
33、nt it?出问题了，是吗？f. 不定代词的定语复合不定代词的定语必须后置，即放在复合不定代词的后面。如：Can you tell me something interesting? 你能讲些有趣的事情吗？Is there anybody important here? 这儿有大人物吗？g. 复合不定代词的否定(1) “not every-”表示的是部分否定，意为“并非都，不都”。例如Not everything will go well. 并非一切都会那么顺利。The teacher didnt call everyones name. 老师并没有点所有人的名。(2) “not any-”和
34、no-均表示全否定。例如：He listened, but heard nothing.他听了听，但什么也没听到。= He listened, but didnt hear anything.You havent called anyone/anybody up, have you? 你没给谁打过电话，是吗？= You have called no one/nobody up, have you?Exercise: 选择题1. Which one would you like to take, this one or that one? I would like to take _.A. tw
35、o B. both C. all D. two of them2. These two pianos are very good. You can choose _of them. A. both B. each C. either D. any3. Either Bill or Black said that he himself was right, and _ of them would give in.A. none B. both C. no D. neither4. I looked through several books, and I liked_ of them.A. ne
36、ither B. no C. none D. nothing5. On _side of the street we could see shops and restaurants.A. either B. every C. both D. all6. Please come at_ time. Ill show you_ my stamps.A. any, all B. all, anyC. some, some D. any, every7.Im afraid I dont like these postcards. Can you show me some_?A. another B.
37、other C. others D. /8. He has bought two colour TV sets. _is made in Shanghai, and _is made in Japan.A. One, another B. One, otherC. Each, other D. One, the other9. The students are planting trees in the park. _are watering the trees._ are digging.A. Some, the others B. Some, others C. Ones, other D
38、. one after another10. They said hello to _ when they met on the ship.A. each other B. one other C. one the other D. one, another 11. They gave me some ideas, but_ of them can solve my problem.A. none B. no C. not any D. nothing12. Soapy tasted the two dishes, and said he liked _.A. neither B. any C
39、. anything D. either13. At the party _child was given a bag of sweets.A. every one B. each C. everyone D. all14. _said that the concert was very good.A. All students B. All of studentsC. All the students D. The all students15. Could you give me some books to read? _ will do.A. Anyone B. Any one C. E
40、veryone D. Every one16. Oh, youve bought a lot of food. Is_ coming this afternoon? Yes, Mr Johnson.A. any B. someone C. one D. some one17. I dont know why I never had_ luck in exams.A. some B. any C. no D. any of18. There are four foreign teachers in our school. One is English,_ are American.A. the
41、other three B. another threeC. others D. three others19. I didnt buy anything expensive in Europe. Just _ small things.A. few B. a few C. some of D. a few of20. Could I have _ eggs please? Yes. How many?A. some B. any C. few D. plenty21. Is _ here, Lily? Yes. All are here except John.A. all B. everybody C. anyone D. somebody22. Id like_ milk in my tea.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few23._ the oranges are bad. Pick them out.A. Several B. Few of C. A few D. Several of24. _ of the first three winners got a prize.A. Every