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1、雅思预备雅思预备 -语法语法 But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer is typical for todays drugs rep（药品推销员）a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets（器械）, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country, hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescri
2、be（开药） her new product to the next six patients who fit the drugs profile.But on any given day, (what Schaefer can offer)typical for todays drugs repa car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget (that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country), hundreds of free drug samples and
3、 the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients (who fit the drugs profile).但是，随便哪一天，对于今天的药品推销员来说，但是，随便哪一天，对于今天的药品推销员来说，谢弗能谢弗能提供的东西提供的东西都非常具有代表性都非常具有代表性汽车后备箱里满载的促销汽车后备箱里满载的促销礼品和小器械，礼品和小器械，能够为一个小国家的午餐和晚餐买单的预能够为一个小国家的午餐和晚餐买单的预算，算，成千上万的免费药品样本以及可以提供给一位医生成千上万的免
4、费药品样本以及可以提供给一位医生200美元的自由权美元的自由权如果该医生在开药的时候，指定将接如果该医生在开药的时候，指定将接下来的六名下来的六名与该药品吻合的患者与该药品吻合的患者使用她的新产品使用她的新产品。 名词性从句名词性从句 在功能上相当于在功能上相当于名词名词. 名词性从句名词性从句, 在在主语从句、表语从句主语从句、表语从句 、宾语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句和同位语从句中能担任中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位主语、宾语、表语、同位语语等。等。名词性从句名词性从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句主语主语 My dream is that Profe
5、ssor Du and I will tie the knot.What I desire is talking nonsense.表语表语Becoming a curve wrecker is my dream.This is what I think every day. 宾语宾语We should lend a helping hand.I dont like what he does every day.同位语同位语I dont know about the woman, Rachel.I dont know about the fact that she is a women.引导名
6、词性从句的关联词引导名词性从句的关联词从属连词从属连词连接代词连接代词连接副词连接副词what, who, whom, whose, which, wh+everthat, whether, ifwhen, where, how, whyWho will win the game is still unknown. I want to know what he has told you. The fact is that Hannah and Jay have tied the knot. The news that Jay Chou has married is resounding. 主语
7、从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句宾语从句宾语从句1. I know him . 2. I know who he is . 主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语（简单句）（简单句）主语主语谓语谓语宾宾 语语 从从 句句连词连词 从句主语从句主语 从句谓语从句谓语 主主 句句（复合句）（复合句）句子做宾语就是宾语从句句子做宾语就是宾语从句宾语从句的种类宾语从句的种类 1. that引导的宾语从句 2. 2.由if或whether引导的宾语从句 3. 由连接代词由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和和 连接副词连接副词when, where, w
8、hy, how引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。一、一、宾语从句的种类 1. that引导的宾语从句 that在口语或非正式文体中在口语或非正式文体中常省略。常省略。vJohn feels (that) his team is better than others. 很多人说自己在夏天感觉更舒服。很多人说自己在夏天感觉更舒服。Many people claim (that) they feel better in summer. Show timeShow time【练练1/41/4】 该表清楚地表明了欧洲国家之间存在该表清楚地表明了欧洲国家之间存在显著的消费习惯差异。显著的消费习惯差异。 （剑
9、（剑3,T2,W3,T2,W）( (之间之间) )存在着存在着( (方面的方面的)()()差距差距/ /差异。差异。1)1)主干主干：There are differences.There are differences.2)2)之间之间: : between and ; between and ; within ; within ; ( (位于主干之后位于主干之后) )3)3)方面的方面的: : in; about; ( in; about; (位于主干之后位于主干之后) )4) adj. 4) adj. 明显的：明显的：obvious; obvious; 巨大的：巨大的：significa
10、nt, large; significant, large; 轻微的：轻微的：slightslight This chart clearly This chart clearly there are there are some significant differences some significant differences in spending in spending habitshabits within European countries.within European countries.Show me the answerShow me the answer【练练1/41
11、/4】 该表清楚地表明了欧洲国家之间存在显著的消该表清楚地表明了欧洲国家之间存在显著的消费习惯差异。费习惯差异。 （剑（剑3,T2,W3,T2,W） This chart clearly This chart clearly there are there are some significant differences some significant differences in spending in spending habitshabits within European countries.within European countries.【练练2/42/4】该数据显示该数据显示
12、发展中国家和发达国家之间发展中国家和发达国家之间在在教育和科技上教育和科技上存在着极大地差别。（剑存在着极大地差别。（剑3,T33,T3，WW）This data This data there are very large there are very large inconsistencies inconsistencies in education and sciencein education and science between developing and developed countries.between developing and developed countries
13、.【练练3/43/4】我同意在医疗卫生，教育和贸易等方面的我同意在医疗卫生，教育和贸易等方面的改善对较贫困国家的发展来说是必不可少的。（剑改善对较贫困国家的发展来说是必不可少的。（剑3 3，T4T4，WW）I I improvements in health, education improvements in health, education and trade are essential for the development of and trade are essential for the development of poorer nations.poorer nations.【
14、练练4/44/4】那些反对那些反对男女同校男女同校的人认为这样会导致的人认为这样会导致早恋早恋，对他们的学习对他们的学习有害有害。 ( (教育话题）教育话题）co-education / mixed sex schoolco-education / mixed sex schoolpuppy lovepuppy loveHarmful/detrimental Harmful/detrimental Those Those against co-educationagainst co-education hold hold thatthat the the environment will pr
15、obably lead children to environment will probably lead children to puppy lovepuppy love which will then which will then serve as an serve as an obstacle toobstacle to their academic achievement. their academic achievement.(1). Lets see_ we can find some food.(2).She asked me- she could borrow these
16、books .注意注意 whether和和if的使用区别的使用区别 a.当有当有or not时就一定用时就一定用whether. I dont know whether or not I should move on. b.介词介词后面的宾语从句一定用后面的宾语从句一定用whether. I worry about whether I discourage your confidence.2.由if或whether引导的宾语从句if /whetherif /whetherShow timeShow time【练练1/31/3】我们想知道人类是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命。(剑桥9 test 1)【
17、练练2/32/3】他来不来无关紧要。【练练3/33/3】 许多专家怀疑英语是否应该作为全球许多专家怀疑英语是否应该作为全球唯一的官方语言。唯一的官方语言。 We want to know whether we are alone in the universe. Whether he comes or not makes no difference.Many experts doubt whether English should be used as the only official language 3.由由who, whom, whose, what, which和和when, whe
18、re, why, how引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。vDo you know - he said just now ?v I dont remember- we arrived .vDo you know - time the plane leaves ?whatwhenwhatShow timeShow time1.During the course of this morning, we hope to give you a clear idea of what we offer in our training programs. 2.Psychologists have also s
19、tudied how being cold affects performance.1. 今天上午这段时间里，我们希望让你们清楚地了今天上午这段时间里，我们希望让你们清楚地了解我们的培训项目所开设的课程。解我们的培训项目所开设的课程。 (剑剑2，T1，L)2. 心理学家也研究了天气寒冷如何影响人们的表现心理学家也研究了天气寒冷如何影响人们的表现。(剑剑3，T3，R)二、二、宾语从句的语序语序-陈述语序。陈述语序。1. When will he go to the library? 1 His brother asks when he will go to the library . 2 His
20、 brother asks when will he go to the library . 2. What does he want to buy ? 1 I dont know what he wants to buy . 2 I dont know what does he want to buy .宾语从句注意：注意： 用宾语从句 表述观点：insist, maintain, hold, suggest, argue, favor, propose, support, agree, advocate, (be for, be in favor of)object, oppose , (
21、be against) Some people are fully convinced thatSome people assert that Some people deem thatSome people argue thatSome people claim that【练练1/41/4】有些人认为旅游业的发有些人认为旅游业的发展会对传统文化产生一些负面的展会对传统文化产生一些负面的影响影响。Some people hold that the development of tourism exerts some adverse impact on traditional culture.
22、【练练2/42/4】说到教育，大部分人认说到教育，大部分人认为其是终生的学习。为其是终生的学习。When it comes toThe majority of 大部分人大部分人When it comes to education, the majority of people think that it is a life-time study.【练练3/43/4】大部分学生相信业余工作使他大部分学生相信业余工作使他们有更多的机会发展人际交往能力，而这们有更多的机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。interpersonal skillsTh
23、e majority of students believe that part-time jobs provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them into favorable position in the future job markets.【练练4/44/4】越来越多的专家认为农民工对城市越来越多的专家认为农民工对城市的建设起到积极作用，然而，越来越多的城的建设起到积极作用，然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨农民工给市居民却怀疑这
24、种说法，他们抱怨农民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，例如犯罪。城市带来了许多严重的问题，例如犯罪。An increasing number of expertsFarmer laborers【练练4/44/4】越来越多的专家认为农民工对城市越来越多的专家认为农民工对城市的建设起到积极作用，然而，越来越多的城的建设起到积极作用，然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨农民工给市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨农民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，例如犯罪。城市带来了许多严重的问题，例如犯罪。An increasing number of experts believe that farmer la
25、borers will exert positive effects on city construction.However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that farmer laborers have brought many serious peoblems like crime.主语从句主语从句一. that和what引导的主语从句二. whether引导的主语从句三. who, which, when, where, why, how 引导的主
26、语从句主语从句的种类主语从句的种类一一. that和what引导的主语从句-thatthat引导作用，不充当成分，不能省略引导作用，不充当成分，不能省略。What What 连接作用，在名词性从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。连接作用，在名词性从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。1. is certain.（我们将迟到了）（我们将迟到了）2. _ is known to all. (地球是圆的地球是圆的)That the earth is roundThat we shall be late3) _is more practice.(我们所需要的）我们所需要的）What we needwhat 在从句中作主
27、语。在从句中作主语。二二. whether引导的主语从句 是否，表不确定的事情是否，表不确定的事情.注意点：注意点： “if” 不能引导主语从句不能引导主语从句_ is hard to say(他是否会来这）他是否会来这）Whether he will come here三三. who, which, when, where, why, how . who, which, when, where, why, how 引导的主语从句引导的主语从句-is under discussion.When we will begin the meetingWhen 在从句中作状语在从句中作状语-is st
28、ill unknown. Who will ultimately win the game1. 我们什么时候开始开会还在讨论中。我们什么时候开始开会还在讨论中。2. 谁会最终赢得比赛仍是个未知数。谁会最终赢得比赛仍是个未知数。这是一种大规模的灭绝，我们能否挽回这种局面现这是一种大规模的灭绝，我们能否挽回这种局面现在很难知道。在很难知道。(剑剑4，T2，R)a mass extinction大规模的灭绝大规模的灭绝rebound from挽回挽回Its a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is dif
29、ficult to know.Show timeShow time1. That we shall be late is certain.2. That the earth is round is known to all.- 3. That you missed the chance is a pity.- It is a pity that you missed the chance.Its known to all that the earth is round.- Its certain that we shall be late.构成了下面一些常用句型构成了下面一些常用句型: It
30、is +adj/n that(strange/a pity)It is + v ed that.(said/reported.【练练1/21/2】很多雇主可能喜欢利用儿童的服务，这是很多雇主可能喜欢利用儿童的服务，这是一个不幸的事实。一个不幸的事实。（剑（剑3 3，T3T3，WW）ItIt is an unfortunate fact is an unfortunate fact that that many many employers may prefer to use the services employers may prefer to use the services of chi
31、ldren.of children.Show timeShow timeWho will do it Who will do it _been decided(been decided(have /hashave /has) )What he needs What he needs _ that book. that book.What he needs _What he needs _ _ some books. some books.isareWhat引导的主语从句，可根据引导的主语从句，可根据表语表语决定决定what引导名词性从句时在从句中引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分充当句子成分
32、,如主语如主语,宾宾语语,表语表语, that在句子中在句子中不充当成分，不充当成分，只起连接作用只起连接作用. C：What 与与 that 引导主语从句引导主语从句(1) _you said yesterday is right.(2) _she is still young is amazing.WhatThat【练练1/21/2】使语言濒临灭绝的不仅是语言使用人数，还有使用者的年纪。(剑4，T2，R)Endangered 濒临灭绝的What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how o
33、ld they are. Show timeShow time1._ he made an important speech at the meeting was true. A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . A If B Whether C That D Where 3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed country_the First World.a.Which; belong to b
34、. As, belonged to c. What; belonging to d. It; belonging to4. Its known to us all _ a form of energy . A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 5. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. A. whether B. that C. what D. when6.What I say and think _ none of your business. A. i
35、s B. are C. has D have表语从句表语从句表语从句表语从句表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句位置：放在位置：放在系动词系动词之后之后,结构：结构：“主语主语+系动词系动词+表语从句表语从句”。系动词：系动词：be,remain, seem，feel, look, smell, taste, turn, appear, keep, get, ExampleExampleIt It seems seems that it is going to rain.that it is going to rain.The question The
36、question remains remains whether we can win the whether we can win the majority of people.majority of people.One advantage of being an only child One advantage of being an only child is is that that there is less arguing within the family.there is less arguing within the family.注注 意意：1.在表语从句中，表在表语从句
37、中，表“是否是否” 时，只能用时，只能用 “whether”不能用不能用“if”。2.一般情况下，一般情况下，“that”不能省。不能省。3. It is /was because . It is /was why. 3. The reason (why/for)is /was that.u The reason is because /whythat .1. 在表语从句中，表在表语从句中，表“是否是否” 时，只能用时，只能用 “whether”不能用不能用“if”。The question is _ I want to be with you.A. that B. if C. when D.
38、whether2. 一般情况下，一般情况下，“that”不能省。不能省。The reason is_I missed the bus.A. that B. when C. why D. what3. It is /was because . It is /was why. It was because I love you.That was why I am still here .4. The reason (why/for)is /was that. The reason is because /why The reason why he did not come is _.A. beca
39、use his mother is ill B. because of his mothers being illC. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill1. The question is _ we will have our sports meet next week.A. that B. if C. when D. whether2The reason why he failed is _he was too careless.A. because B. that C. for D. because of3. The reaso
40、n is_I miss you so much.A. that B. when C. why D. what4. That is _ _ we were late last time. A. that B. when C. why D. what5. The reason why he refuses you is _.A. because you are too beautiful B. because of you are too uglyC. that you are too ugly D. for you are too ugly【练练1/31/3】中国教育的最大变化就是，已经有更多的
41、人可以中国教育的最大变化就是，已经有更多的人可以接受教育。接受教育。 （剑（剑3,T1,S3,T1,S）The biggest change in education in China The biggest change in education in China is is thatthat more and more people can get/receive more and more people can get/receive the education.the education.Show timeShow time【练练2/32/3】早上学的另一个好处是孩子在社交方面发展更早
42、上学的另一个好处是孩子在社交方面发展更快。（剑快。（剑4 4，G,TB,WG,TB,W）Another advantage of going to school at an early Another advantage of going to school at an early age age is thatis that children develop faster socially. children develop faster socially.【练练3/33/3】我的观点是年轻人应该受到鼓励，去开阔我的观点是年轻人应该受到鼓励，去开阔视野。（剑视野。（剑5 5，T2T2，WW）
43、My view/idea/opinion/point My view/idea/opinion/point is thatis that young young people should be encouraged to broaden their people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons.horizons.同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句 1. 1. 跟在某些名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。跟在某些名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。常用名词有常用名词有belief, fact, idea, hope, news
44、, doubt, belief, fact, idea, hope, news, doubt, result, thought, information, opinionresult, thought, information, opinion等。等。Suggestion, suggest Suggestion, suggest ，order order ，demand demand ，wishwish等等she, an English teacher, likes her students very much.I dont know about the fact that she is a
45、teacher.His plan, building a garden on the surface of sea, is not practical.e.g. 1. 要出国的这个消息，太让人震惊了。要出国的这个消息，太让人震惊了。The news that Tom would go abroad is astounding.2. 多用that 引导，无意义，不可省。3.在在have no idea之后用之后用wh-引导同位语从句引导同位语从句I have no idea where he has gone.I have no idea when he did it.I have no ide
46、a what he did.1.Many boys are too heavy./ The fact worries their parents a lot.2.The Queen of England was visiting China./ We heard the news last night. The fact that many boys are too heavy worries their parents a lot.We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was visiting China.3. Chin
47、ese students should be given less homework./ The suggestion is welcomed by many people.The suggestion that Chinese students should be given less homework is welcomed by many people.【练练1/31/3】我同意合作比竞争重要这个观点。我同意合作比竞争重要这个观点。I agree with the I agree with the idea/point/thought thatidea/point/thought tha
48、t cooperation is more important than cooperation is more important than petition.Show timeShow time【练练2/32/3】我开始意识到一个显而易见的事实，那就我开始意识到一个显而易见的事实，那就是发展是有限的。（剑是发展是有限的。（剑4,T4,R)4,T4,R)We start to realize an obvious We start to realize an obvious fact thatfact that development is limited.development is li
49、mited.【练练3/33/3】不言而喻的是不言而喻的是, ,预防要比治疗更好预防要比治疗更好. .（剑（剑2,T2,W2,T2,W）(1) (1) There is no There is no doubtdoubt thatthat (2) It goes without saying (2) It goes without saying thatthat prevention is prevention is better than cure.better than cure.区别区别that引导的同位语从句和定语从句引导的同位语从句和定语从句：1.She showed the hope
50、 that he did not know.2.She showed the hope that she would date with him again.定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句3. 连词连词that在同位语从句中在同位语从句中不可省不可省, 定语从句中当它充当定语从句中当它充当宾语时可省宾语时可省。 1.引导同位语的连词引导同位语的连词that在句中在句中不作任何句子成分不作任何句子成分， 定语从句中，定语从句中， that充当充当从句的主语或宾语从句的主语或宾语等等2. 同位语从句是对前面名词的内容的同位语从句是对前面名词的内容的具体说明具体说明， A是什么是什么 定语从句