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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学
2、生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section
3、) 、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文
4、、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容
5、 (四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英
6、文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。BEC中级阅读 第一课时 第一课时开场白评分标准： A、B、C 考试通过（Passing Grade） D、E 考试不及格（Failing Grade）BEC阅读考试时间：1小时 题目数：45道题题型： 1、Matching
7、（搭配题或匹配题） 第一部分共7道题，文章250350字，是商业环境中的文章（产品广 告，招聘广告）。要么是一篇较长文章中选出4个相关段落，或者是 相关主题的4篇短文章 题目难度中等 侧重于辨认具体的信息或具体的细节，极少考主旨2、Matching（搭配题或匹配题） 考察把握文章结构和段落大意的能力 给出1篇正文（商业类报刊文章或报告中选出并稍加改写），留有可 填写1句话的一些空格。加上7个选项，第二部分字数为450580。 考官共留出6个空格，实际上考生只需填写5个空格，因为第一个空格 都是作为example给出的，其答案为G。故只需6选5 难度较大3、Multiple Choice（单项选
8、择题） 4选1的单项选择题 6个题目 文章是一篇450550字的正文（一般的或商务的出版物、公司文献或 管理方面的书籍。正文可能经过编辑，但来源是真实的） 正确答案不会是简单的词汇搭配，而是对文章中句子的意译或解释 题目难度较大4、选择题形式的完成句子题 15个题目 200300字的一篇正文，有15个空格，每道题都有4个选项，从中选择 1个意义最合适的 文章不是特别难，考查考生词汇能力5、Correction（改错题） 考12个题目，全部是找出额外的和不必要的单词 考查语法知识命题题材： 1、商业信函（Business Letter） 常出现在第四、五部分 2、广告（Advertisement
9、） 第一部分常考 3、关于经济或者商业的一些消息或者公告（Public Information） 4、产品介绍（Product Description） 5、商务活动方面的计划、安排、决定或建议（Business Plan / Proposals / Recommendations） 6、会议记录（Record of Meeting） 7、非正式信息（Informal Messages）PART ONE解题步骤： 1、阅读题目及七个单句，划出句意关键词。对于谈论相似主体的句子， 需区别内容的相同处和不同处，注意体现不同处的关键词 2、快速浏览短文（依靠小标题迅速抓住各篇短文的主题）。浏览过程中
10、 如果发现答题的具体信息，可在具体信息下面划线并标上题号以备最 后检查关键词：（定位词） 原词重现：人名、地名、数字、时间、百分比、金钱、黑体字、斜体字 原意重现： 1、同义相似 2、同义差异 题目对原文进行归纳与总结：广告： 产品、招聘、招生、书评 人力资源、财经1、产品广告（Product Advertisement） 1）产品名称 2）产品特征练习 1. Furniture Ads1. These can be piled up neatly without taking up much space.2. It is usually placed in front of a dressi
11、ng table.3. When folded it turns into a soft and comfortable bed.4. People can adjust the height of this to get a conformable sitting position.5. There is a circular metal frame at the bottom where you can rest your feet.6. This set of furniture is characterized by space-saving and easy storage.7. T
12、he top of this can be stretched to certain length.A. Folding Table with ChairsFolding Oak Finish Table with 4 Chairs. Unique space saving design converts from a small compact unit to a full size dining table! Chairs fit inside table when folded-Oak finish on selected beech solids and veneers. Table
13、closed: 34 “wide, 11” deep; table opened: 34 “wide, 62” long.B. High Fashion Bar StoolOversized deep slung 3.5padded seat. Back supports serve as functional armrests. New hefty 1 diameter steel foot-ring. Adjustable height. 24 “to 30” high. Easy to assemble with simple hand tools.C. White Wire Stack
14、 ChairSturdy wire welded steel construction for a sleek, high tech look. Practical seating that keeps you cool. Outside on the patio or deck; inside in the kitchen or family room. These lightweight chairs stack neatly for easy access. Quick and convenient storage.D. Folding Cushioned Chairbed Comfor
15、table seating converts to become a single sleeper in seconds! Sleeps on adult. The perfect solution when unexpected overnight guests arrive! Ideal for college dorm, Kids room, den or spare room. Sturdy Herculon tweed fabric cover in grey/blue. 31 “W x 72” L x 25” H.E. Youll be sitting pretty with th
16、is vanity bench. White powder coated finish on welded steel. It can be used as a companion to a vanity table or alone as an attractive bath accent. Grid style seat, complete with removable comfort cushion. 19 “ W x 12.75” L x 20” H. easy assemble. BEC中级阅读 第二课时 第二课时试题 11Example:You can take it for on
17、ly a short time if you prefer.Answer: C1. It is located outside the city.2. It will be easy to use for various types of retail business.3. You know how much money it took last year.4. This business already manufactures goods for sale.5. Its price includes living accommodation.6. It has been operatin
18、g for many years.7. You will have to find out the price from the agents.EBTA BUSINESS TRANSFER AGENTSThe following businesses in the region are offered for sale:ARESTAURANTA large, well-decorated restaurant in an excellent position near the city centre.Open three years with annual turnover of £
19、;100,000.Regular trade and bookings for weddings, special occasions etc.Available on 50-year lease.Price on requestBESTABLISHED POTTERYFamily business established for over fifty years in citys main commercial area.Small pottery, currently employs twelve people producing china figures, vases and othe
20、r decorative items.Price includes premises plus equipment and raw materials.Price £200,000CVACANT SHOPLocated in superb historic building on excellent city centre site. Large premises recently renovated to a very high standard.Would suit a wide range of different trades. Available on limited (
21、three-year) lease, or longer if required.Short lease £15,000DGARAGE & CAR REPAIRSmall business with great potential for development.Garage with petrol station on main road between city and coast.Includes large workshop suitable for car repair business. Small, three-bedroom house attached to wo
22、rkshop, and room for further building.Whole property £190,0002、招聘广告 1）title Job vacancy / Wanted 2）正文 （1）公司名称及职位（Corporation & Position） （2）对工作职位的描述（Job description） （3）Requirements & Qualifications （4）待遇（Treatments / Benefits） （5）公司的联系方式及地址（Contact way / Address）试题 8Example:You must have a fi
23、rst degree in English.Answer: B1. You are free to choose when you will begin and end your workday.2. You should provide the names of two people who can give letters of recommendation.3. You must have the experience of working abroad.4. You have to work every other Saturday.5. You should have success
24、ful working experience as a secretary.6. The job requires some experience as well as excellent qualifications.7. You need to be able to speak several languages.A.Salesperson is required for our new Portman Street Showroom to work a flexitime 30 hour week, including alternate Saturdays. Fileco specia
25、lize in office furniture and equipment. The showroom displays our very latest in integrated office design and is intended to serve as our window on the business world. Applicants should have some experience in business and fluency in a second language would be a distinct advantage.B.Eurofile, one of
26、 Europes leading publishers is seeking a self-motivated Assistant Accountant to help run its busy accounts department. The successful candidate should possess excellent accounting qualifications and have at least 2 years accounting experience. S/he should also be computer literate and able to carry
27、out all essential day-to-day accounting tasks. Management experience and European languages are a definite advantage, Salary 15 17,000 p. a. Send CV to Joanna Jarvis, Eurofile, Stack Street, Manchester, MN8 4TX, quoting reference JAC/01/TN. C.The Bell Educational Trust seeks applications from teache
28、rs of English as a foreign language to work in China. Candidates should have:- a degree plus a qualification in TEEL (PGCE or RSA) diploma- a minimum of 3 years experience with at least one year overseas- experience in preparation of materials and in teaching ESP / EAPApplications with full C. V. an
29、d the names of two referees, one of whom must be the most recent employer, together with recent photograph of yourself, to Lewis Kerr, The Bell Educational Trust, Hillscross, 1 Red Cross Lane, Cambridge CB2 2QX.D.We are a major company with an international reputation with customers throughout Europ
30、e, the Middle East and S. E. Asia.Qualifications:- Proven secretarial skills- Languages ( French, German, Arabic Mandarin)- Ability to work as part of team and on own initiativeNon-native speakers will have a fluent command of spoken and written English.Benefits include generous salary, 6 weeks holi
31、day, and promotion prospects.Send C. V. to Video Unlimited, Morecombe Gardens, Manchester.练习4. Job Advertisements1. This work has something to do with peoples mental health.2. How much the person earns will depend on his practical experience.3. This advertisement offers employees the prospect of get
32、ting promoted.4. If you get the job, youll have to make business trips every now and then.5. This business needs a person with managerial experience and skills.6. Experience in advertising would be helpful in this job.7. This business provides a wide range of service items.A. ManagementDiversified s
33、ervice business seeking experienced (10 years plus) executive for top-level spot. Excellent salary, bonuses, and profit-sharing for person with proven problem-solving, marketing and people skills.B. CommunicationsMajor Southeastern chemical corporation requires a professional to fill a vacancy in th
34、e Communications Department. Applications must have demonstrated experience in all phases of promotion, including: media, production, writing, trade shows, public relations and special event handling. Travel required. CBC preferred. Position can lead to Department Management.C. Technical sales repre
35、sentativeOur Pigment Division seeks a NJ based salesperson for the NJ, PA, MD, DE territory. Pigment sales experience necessary. BS Chemistry or Physical Science degree preferred. Generous, immediate and free benefits package. Salary commensurate with experience.D. Psychiatric social workerPrivate m
36、ental-health clinic seeks 2 experienced certified Social Workers to provide individual, group and family psychotherapy to children, adolescents and adults. Function as a member of multidisciplined team. Excellent supervision; starting salary $ 30,988. Comprehensive medical, dental and pension benefi
37、ts.E. Marketing executiveThis important position has recently been created by one of the countrys leading clothes manufacturers. It is an outstanding opportunity for a graduate with two years experience in design or magazine publishing. The successful candidate will be given responsibility for a maj
38、or, recently launched brand. It would be an advantage to have experience of promotional activities. Excellent fringe benefits on offer. 第三课时试题 10Example: The job offers perks in addition to the basic salary. Answer: D 1. Experience in advertising would be helpful in this job. 2. This job would proba
39、bly suit somebody who has worked in the purchasing department of a large chain of stores. 3. Three years experience would not be enough for this job. 4. For this job it would be useful if you have studied how to carry out surveys into consumer attitudes. 5. In this job you would take charge of a pro
40、duct which has been on the market for many years. 6. To get this job it is not necessary to have work experience. 7. Such a high-ranking position does not come up very often. AProduct ManagerThis company has at present about 30% of the market and a turnover of more than £500 million. The perso
41、n appointed will have responsibility for a long-established product which is a household name. Experience in the insurance market is necessary and a background in accountancy would be helpful.BGroup Product ManagerThis is a rare opportunity to work at a senior level for a market leader in the food i
42、ndustry, located in the north of the country. The person appointed will report directly to the Marketing Director and take full responsibility for a turnover in excess of £80 million and a team of three managers. Applicants need to have a minimum of five years experience in product management.
43、 A market research qualification would be an advantage. CManagement TraineesFor this exciting position in the leisure industry we are seeking management trainees to develop excellent buying skills. Possibly a new graduate, the successful applicant may have experience with a big national retailer, bu
44、t must certainly possess excellent negotiation and communication skills. DMarketing ExecutiveThis important position has recently been created by one of the countrys leading clothes manufacturers. It is an outstanding opportunity for a graduate with two years experience in design or magazine publish
45、ing. The successful candidate will be given responsibility for a major, recently launched brand. It would be an advantage to have experience of promotional activities. Excellent fringe benefits on offer. 3、招生广告试题 5Example: You would learn about deductions from salaries.Key: C1. You need to have work
46、ed in an office before attending this course.2. You would learn something about preventing accidents at work.3. You would be able to sit an examination in typing.4. This course is useful if your job involves greeting people and dealing with enquiries.5. This course would suit someone with budgetary
47、responsibility.6. You would get practice in helping people in a group to communicate.7. You would learn how to change the appearance of a letter or memo.A.Tuesday 13.00-15.00This course provides training in arranging meetings, conducting them effectively and making travel arrangements. The topics wi
48、ll include drawing up agendas, preparing for meetings, introducing speakers or participants, managing discussions successfully, keeping to an agreed timetable, and writing follow-up reports. Previous experience of typing and general office work are essential for this course.B.Mon, Thu, Fri 10.00-12.00This courses is intended both for beginners and