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1、状语的定义和作用状语的定义和作用状语的位置和形式状语的位置和形式状语的定义和作用状语的定义和作用状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整整个句子个句子等的句子成分。状语表示地点、等的句子成分。状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。状语的形式和位置状语的形式和位置在所有的语法范畴中，状语的形式最多样，它可在所有的语法范畴中，状语的形式最多样，它可以是单词、词组或从句；可以是以是单词、词组或从句；可以是副词副词（短语）、（短语）、介词短语介词短语、分词分词（短语）、（短语）、动词不
2、定式动词不定式（短语）、（短语）、状语从句状语从句等。等。与其他语法范畴相比，状语的位置也最灵活，它与其他语法范畴相比，状语的位置也最灵活，它可以出现在句首、句中或句末。例如：可以出现在句首、句中或句末。例如：Immediately he replied. （句首）（句首）He immediately replied. （句中）（句中）He replied immediately. （句尾）（句尾） 副词（短语）作状语She is always losing her keys. 她总是丢钥匙。John drove too slowly. 约翰开车太慢。介词短语作状语介词短语作状语Let s g
3、o home.The best fish swim near the bottom. 好鱼居水底I have lived here for three years. 我住这已经3年了。分词（短语）作状语分词（短语）作状语She sat there doing nothing. 她坐在那里无所事事。（doing的逻辑主语是she，它们之间是主动的关系）Given better attention, the trees can grow well. 如果得到更好的管理，这些树可以长得很好。（given的逻辑主语是the trees，它们之间是被动的关系）为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时可在分为了表示
4、明确的时间或条件，有时可在分词前加词前加when, while, ifwhen, while, if等连词。例如：等连词。例如：When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. 当离开机场的时候，她向我们频频招手。While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Jane.在等火车的时候，我与珍妮进行了长谈。If translated word by word, the sentence will be meaningless. 如果逐字翻译，这个句子就没有意义。分词有时也
5、可以有自己分词有时也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语独立的逻辑主语（即与句（即与句子的主语不一致），这种结构称为独立结构，在子的主语不一致），这种结构称为独立结构，在很多情况下表示很多情况下表示时间、原因、条件或伴随时间、原因、条件或伴随的动作的动作或情况。例如：或情况。例如：The holidays being over, they began to get down to do their work again. 假期结束了，他们又开始认真地工作。So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 这么多人缺席，我们决定把
6、会议延期。【特别提醒】现在分词表示主动的意思，表示动现在分词表示主动的意思，表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动的作正在进行；过去分词表示被动的意思，表示动作的完成。意思，表示动作的完成。动词不定式（短语）作状语动词不定式（短语）作状语She was slow to make up her mind. 她迟迟不能下决心。To be honest, I didnt enjoy the party. 说实话，我不喜欢这个聚会。We live to serve the people heart and soul. 我们活着是为了全心全意为人民服务。对比训练与巩固对比训练与巩固1.While I was
7、 wondering at this, our schoolmaster took his place. ( )2. Where there is a will, there is a way. ( )3. Now that/Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. （ ）4. Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me. ( )5. So clever was he a student that he was able to work out all the difficult prob
8、lems. ( )6. As long as you dont lose heart, youll succeed. ( )7. Try as he might, he could not find a job. ( )8. The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. ( ) 时间时间地点地点原因原因目的目的结果结果条件条件让步让步方式方式时间时间状语从句状语从句原因原因状语从句状语从句地点地点状语从句状语从句目的目的状语从句状语从句结果结果状语从句状语从句条件条件状语从句状语从句方式方式状语从句状语从句比较比较状语从句状语从句
9、让步让步状语从句状语从句状语从句有九种，状语从句有九种， 时地原因条状补，时地原因条状补，目比结果方让步，目比结果方让步，连词引导各不同；连词引导各不同；主句通常前面走，主句通常前面走， 连词引导紧随后，连词引导紧随后，从句若在主前头，从句若在主前头， 主从之间有个逗主从之间有个逗。引导词可分为两部分引导词可分为两部分 when as while before after until (till) since as soon asevery timenext timethe first/last timethe momentthe minuteinstantlyimmediatelydirec
10、tly(一一就就)1、时间状语从句：、时间状语从句： 引导时间状语从句的引导时间状语从句的从属连词从属连词有：有：when, while, as, whenever, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, once等引导。如：等引导。如： When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons. It has been 15 years since he left. Ill tell him the news as s
11、oon as I see him. Once you have got used to it, you will like it. I waited till he had finished his work.注意：注意：（1）when, as, while when即可引导即可引导持续性动作持续性动作，又，又可引导可引导短暂性动作短暂性动作。它可以表示主句。它可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或从的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。如：句的动作发生在主句动作之前。如： When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore
12、on Sundays.（同时）（同时） When the lesson was over, we began our writing.（从句动作在前）（从句动作在前） as引导引导持续性动作持续性动作，侧重主句和从，侧重主句和从句的动作句的动作同时发生同时发生。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went. I saw your sister as she was getting on the bus yesterday. He sang as he walked.While：指的是：指的是“在某一时间里在某一时间里”，“在在期间期间”，从句里的动作，
13、从句里的动作必须是必须是持续性持续性的，它也强调主句和从句动作的，它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。作的对比。如：如： While he was in London, he studied music. While we were watching TV, he was writing a composition. while也可做并列连词，表示对照的也可做并列连词，表示对照的意思。如：意思。如：He is tall while his brother is short. 当当when, as, while表示表示“在在一段一段时间
14、里时间里”，主从句的动作同时发生时，主从句的动作同时发生时，可以换用。如：可以换用。如： While (When或或As) we were discussing, Mr. Smith came in. （2）如果）如果when和和before引导的从引导的从句位于主句之后，有时不能译成句位于主句之后，有时不能译成“当当时候时候” 和和“在在之前之前”，而，而要译成要译成“就就”、“才才”、“这时这时”等。等。如：如： The struggle lasted four years before the North won in the end. He almost knocked me down
15、 before he saw me.I was walking in the street when I saw him. (3) by the time, each time, every time, immediately, the moment, the instant, the minute, soon after, shortly after都可以作为都可以作为连词，引导连词，引导时间状语时间状语。如：。如： By the time he was fourteen, he had taught himself advanced mathematics. Each time he ca
16、me, he would call on me. You must show him in immediately he comes. I recognized him the moment I saw him.讲练结合讲练结合:1. Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? Yes. I gave it to her _ I saw her. A. whileB. the moment C. suddenlyD. once2. I thought her nice and honest _ I met her. A. firs
17、t time B. for the first time C. the first timeD. by the first time3. _ entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his report. A. He hardly had B. Had he hardly C. Hardly had heD. Hardly he had B BC CC C小结：小结：1一些词，如一些词，如the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instan
18、tly, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan等也可引导一个时等也可引导一个时 间状语从句，相当于间状语从句，相当于as soon as的意思。的意思。 I didnt wait a moment, but came immediately you called.2一些含有一些含有time的名词短语，如的名词短语，如every time, each time, next time, by the time等，以及等，以及the day, the year, the morning等，也可引导一个时间状语从句。等，也可引导一个时间状语从句。 The da
19、y he returned home, his father was already dead. Next time you come, please bring your composition.3. 如果如果hardly或或no sooner或或scarcely置于句首，句子必置于句首，句子必 须用部分倒装结构。须用部分倒装结构。 Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.(4) till和和until 如果主句谓语动词是持续动词，如果主句谓语动词是持续动词，通常用肯定式的主句，表示通常用肯定式的主句，表示“直到直到为止为止”。如：。如： I
20、worked till (until) he came back. 如果主句谓语动词是瞬间动词，如果主句谓语动词是瞬间动词， 则用则用否定式的主句否定式的主句表示表示“直直到到 才才”。如：。如： I didnt go to bed until (till) he came back.放在句首表示强调时一般用放在句首表示强调时一般用 until。如：。如： Until he returns, nothing can be done.【小结小结】时间状语从句常由下列连词引导：when，whenever，as，while，before，after，since，as soon as，until，on
21、ce。时间状语从句还可由一些名词（the moment, the instant, every time等）和副词（instantly, directly等）连接。例如：Ill telephone you the instant I know.我一知道就立即给你打电话。Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs.每次我感冒都流鼻涕。时间状语时间状语从句从句中用一般现在时表示将来。例如：中用一般现在时表示将来。例如：You will get to know when you grow up. 你长大后就会了解。1. 时间状语从句时间状语从句1. We were
22、 swimming in the lake _ suddenly the storm started. A. when B. while C. until D. before2. He was about to tell me the secret _ someone patted him on the shoulder. A. as B. until C. whileD. when3. He transplanted the little tree to the garden _ it was the best time for it. A. where B. when C. thatD.
23、until4. Did Jack come back early last night? Yes. It was not yet eight oclock _ he arrived home. A. Before B. when C. that D. until5. He was about halfway through his meal _ a familiar voice came to his ears. A. why B. where C. when D. whileA AD DB BB BC C6. The cost of living in Glasgow is among th
24、e lowest in Britain, _ the quality of life is probably one of the highest. A. since B. when C. as D. while7. _ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless连接词while的用法小结 1. while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。如： Please dont talk so loud while othe
25、rs are working. 2. while作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。 3. while可表示尽管，相当于although。D DA A2、原因状语从句：、原因状语从句：通常由连词：通常由连词：because, as, since, now that引导。区别是引导。区别是:because：表示：表示“因为因为”，直接而明确的，直接而明确的原原 因和理由，语气最强，因和理由，语气最强，why提提 问的句子，一般都用问的句子，一般都用because 回答。回答。He didnt come because he was ill.since：表示：表示“既然既然”，语气比，语气比b
26、ecause弱。弱。Since you are here, you must do it.as：表示：表示“因为因为”语气比语气比because轻，轻，引引 导从句可放主句前也可放主句后。导从句可放主句前也可放主句后。You neednt go with me, as you are busy.As I was afraid, I hid myself.now that意思与意思与since相似，表示相似，表示“既既然然”。 Now that you are in High School, you will probably spend more in reading. Now that al
27、l the guests have arrived, lets have our dinner.注意：注意： 在强调句中在强调句中强调原因状语从句强调原因状语从句， 只能用只能用because引导，不可用引导，不可用as或或 since，如：，如：It was because he was ill that he didnt go with us. because可以引导表语从句可以引导表语从句,而而 as, since不可以，这时状语一不可以，这时状语一 般都是般都是it, this, that Its because he is too lazy. for也表示也表示“因为因为”，但是并，
28、但是并列列 连词，它连接的不是状语从连词，它连接的不是状语从 句，语气比较强。句，语气比较强。 It must be morning, for the birds are singing.becausesinceasfornow thatconsidering (that)seeing (that)既然既然考虑到鉴于考虑到鉴于鉴于由于既然因为鉴于由于既然因为3、地点状语从句：、地点状语从句：通常由连词通常由连词where和和wherever引导。如：引导。如： Go back where you came from. Wherever you go, you must write to you
29、r parents. Where there is a will, there is a way. Where there is too much, the poison and waste may do great harm to the things around us.4、目的状语从句：、目的状语从句： 通常由通常由so that, in order that, sothat, lest, in case（以防、免得）等（以防、免得）等引导：引导： He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus. She marrie
30、d him so that she might tend and comfort him. I explained again and again in case he should misunderstand me. so that in order that in case （以防、免得）（以防、免得） for fear that (生怕，以免）生怕，以免） lest (以免，免得以免，免得)I hid the book lest (=for fear that) he should see it.【特别提醒】【特别提醒】由由lest ，for fear that引导的目的状语从引导的目的
31、状语从句要使用虚拟语气，由句要使用虚拟语气，由should动词原动词原形构成。形构成。5、结果状语从句：、结果状语从句：由由so that, sothat, suchthat引导：引导： It was very cold, so that the river froze. The book is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of the facts. There were so many people (=such a lot of people) in the room that we could not get in. He ma
32、de such an excellent speech that every one admired him.6、条件状语从句、条件状语从句: 由由 if, unless, as long as (=so long as) (只要只要), in case (that) (如果，万如果，万一一)等引导：等引导： If plastics and rubber are burned, they give off poisonous gases. Unless you work hard, you will fail, You can go out, as long as (so long as )
33、you promise to be back before eleven. In case I forget, please remind me about that. 注意：条件状语从句中的谓语动注意：条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态不可用将来时，只能用词的时态不可用将来时，只能用现在现在时态或过去时态表示将来时时态或过去时态表示将来时。7、方式状语从句：、方式状语从句：由连词：由连词：as, as if, as though引导：引导： The teacher told the students to do as he did. Leave it as it is. He heard a n
34、oise, as if someone was breathing. I saw the man looking about him as if he wished to impress upon his mind everything. as if和和as though意义和用法大致一意义和用法大致一样，样，引导的从句多用虚拟语气引导的从句多用虚拟语气，但也，但也可用陈述语气。可用陈述语气。He treats me as if I were his own son.He walked as if he were drunk. 8、比较状语从句：、比较状语从句： 由连词由连词asas, not
35、 so(as) as, than等引导：等引导： I hope it was as good as the one you lent me. Actually the ocean floor are almost as irregular as the exposed land area. No one can be more fit for his office than he is. He cant run so fast as she.注意：注意：“the+比较级比较级(接从句接从句)，the+比比较较 级级(接主句接主句)，这一句型也归在比，这一句型也归在比 较状语从句内。如：较状语从
36、句内。如： The more you study, the more you know. The harder we work, the happier we feel.9、让步状语从句：、让步状语从句： 由由though, although, as (虽虽然尽管然尽管), even if, even though, wh-ever, no matter-wh, whether引导引导.whateverwhoeverwhicheverwheneverwhereverhoweverwh - everno matter whono matter whatno matter whichno matt
37、er whenno matter whereno matter howno matter wh- Though he is old, yet he is active. Although most of the people agreed, some were not willing to accepted. Proud as the nobles are, he is afraid to see me. We wouldnt lose heart even if we should fail ten times. Whenever (=no matter when) you call on
38、me, you are always welcome. Wherever (no matter where) you work, you can always find time to study. Take the one you like best, whichever (no matter which) it is. No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks Im wrong. Whether he comes or not, well discuss the problem this afternoon.注意：注意：
39、（1）让步状语从句在句中的位置）让步状语从句在句中的位置可放前也可放后，有时还可以插在可放前也可放后，有时还可以插在主句中间，前置时，强调主句内容，主句中间，前置时，强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。后置时强调从句内容。 （2）though与与although同义，用同义，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化；法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化；后者较正式，多放于句首，不能与后者较正式，多放于句首，不能与but连用，但可以与连用，但可以与yet, still（副词）（副词）等连用，用来加强语气。等连用，用来加强语气。Though ( Although ) he was tired, yet (still)
40、 he went on working.（3）as引导让步状语从句时从句部分引导让步状语从句时从句部分 语序要部分倒装。如：语序要部分倒装。如： Young as he is, he can read and write in several foreign language.（表语提前）（表语提前） Child as he was, he had to support the family.（表语名词提前并常省去冠词）（表语名词提前并常省去冠词） Surrounded as we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward.（表语名词提前并常
41、省去冠词）（表语名词提前并常省去冠词）1. We were about to leave_ it began to rain.2. She thought I was talking about her son, _, in fact, I was talking about my son.3. Hardly had I finished my composition _ the bell rang. A. when B. while C. as D. during对比训练对比训练 A AB BA A1. Child _ she is, she knows a lot.2. He did th
42、e experiment _ he was told.3. The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper, but not _ good. A. during B. as C. so D. though E. both B and C 对比训练对比训练 E EB BB B1. He would have a look at the bookstores _ he went to town.2. We decide to finish the work on time, _ happens.3. If we work with a strong wil
43、l, we overcome any difficulty, _ great it is.4. Ill give the book to _ likes English. A. whenever B. whoever C. whatever D. however对比训练对比训练 A AC CD DB B对比训练对比训练 1. It will be years _ we meet again.2. It is ten years _ I came to this town.3. It is ten years ago _ I came to this town4.It is 1986_his f
44、irst novel came out. A. when B. that C. before D. sinceC CD DB BA对比训练对比训练 5 5 1.Go and get your coat. It is _ you left it.2. You are free to go _ you like. A. there B. where C. wherever D. when B BC C1. The article is written in such easy English _ all of us can read it.2. The article is written in
45、such easy English _ all of us can read. A. that B. which C. as D. so that 对比训练对比训练 6 6 C CA A对比训练对比训练 7 7 1. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, no matter _ great it is.2. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, _ great it is.3. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, _ difficulty it is.4. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, no matter _ difficulty it is. A. what B. how C. however D. whateverB BC CD DA A