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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上毕业论文外文参考文献参考一：Abstract: In order to solve the weight problem often encountered in measuring the low-mass objects in the trade and daily life of the modern business, the design of a new pocket-sized electronic scales. This pocket-sized electronic scales Force Sensor gravity signals into
2、electrical signals to measure, and measuring the results of the digital display. The pocket-sized electronic scales with a small size, light weight, easy to carry, intuitive display, measurement and high precision; complex structure, the cost disadvantages. This article focuses on the load cell work
3、s, error compensation, the main parameters of selection. And the technical and economic analysis.Keywords: pocket-sized electronic scales; weighing; sensor; error compensationCLC 1 A needs analysisIn modern commerce and trade and everyday life, often encounter the problem of measuring the weight of
4、the low-mass objects. Although the traditional steelyard can solve this problem, but inconvenient to carry, the efficiency is not high, the display is not intuitive and low measurement accuracy; mechanical spring balance can solve this problem, but the inertia inherent low frequency, high sensitivit
5、y, measurement accuracy is not high. With the progress and update of the micro-computer technology, integrated circuit technology, sensor technology, electronic scales rapid development, it has a responsive, high accuracy, fully functional, the display is intuitive, compact, easy to use and so on.Fo
6、r these reasons, in order to solve the low-mass objects weighing problem, if a small size, light weight, portable, digital display electronic scales, will be popular. Discussed below, that is, the scope of a weighing 5 kg compact electronic scales.2 DesignThe principle of the structure of the pocket
7、-sized electronic scales shown in Figure 1. The main task is to design compact electronic scales weighing the choice of the force sensors. Dynamometer sensor types to achieve the weighing and digital display, the key is to want to force (gravity) signals into electrical signals to measure method is
8、mainly divided into two categories: one is the direct method, namely the use of pressure magnetic sensor, piezoelectric sensor, Piezoresistive sensors directly to the force signal converted into electrical signals; the other is the indirect method, the elastic element as the sensor will pull, pressu
9、re changes in strain, displacement, or frequency, and then strain sensors, displacement sensors, or frequency sensor strain, displacement or frequency changes for power. Comprehensive comparison of a variety of sensors, use the indirect method of strain gauge force transducer.Pocket-sized electronic
10、 scale structural principle:Sensor amplifier CPU display AD converter3 The working principle of the strain gauge force transducer strain gauge pasted into force, force-sensitive elastic element, the corresponding strain when the elastic element force deformation, the strain gauge into a resistance c
11、hange, which led to the voltage measuring circuit changes by measuring the output voltage value, and then through the conversion can be obtained by the measurement of body weight. Since the pocket-sized electronic scales require small size, weighing in scope, precision and angle even consistency, se
12、nsor and display integration, it is selected parallel to the two holes cantilever beam strain gauge load-bearing sensor. Its characteristics are: high precision, ease of processing, simple and compact structure, strong resistance to partial load, high natural frequency.Strain gauge choice of a metal
13、 palisade metal mooring paste on the insulating substrate parked strain gages, mechanical strain resistance strain gauge feelings generally 10 - 10 - 2mm, the resistance rate of change of the attendant about 10 - 6 10 - 2 orders of magnitude, such a small change in resistance measured using the gene
14、ral resistance of the instrument is hard to measure out, you must use some form of measurement.Circuit into small changes in resistance rates to changes in voltage or current, in order to secondary instrument display. Bridge measurement circuit to meet this requirement. In the load cell, R1, R2, R3,
15、 R4 strain gauge resistor bridge measurement circuit shown in Figure 3. Rm is the temperature compensation resistor, e is the excitation voltage, V is the output voltage.参考二：The load cell is a quality signal into a measurable electrical signal output device. Must consider the actual working environm
16、ent of the sensor which sensor Yin, this is essential for the correct selection of the load cell, and it is related to the sensor can work as well as its safety and service life, and the whole weighing the reliability and safety sex. On the basic concepts and methods of evaluation of the major techn
17、ical indicators of the load cell, the new and old GB qualitative differences.The traditional concept, the load sensor weighing sensors, force sensors, collectively referred to using a single parameter to evaluate its measurement properties. Old GB will be completely different application objects and
18、 the use of environmental conditions weighing and measured force two sensors into one to consider, not given to distinguish between the test and evaluation methods. Old GB total of 21 indicators, were tested at room temperature; and non-linearity, hysteresis error, repeatability error, creep, the ad
19、ditional error of the zero temperature and the maximum error in the six indicators of the rated output additional temperature error, to determine said The level of accuracy of the weight sensor, respectively 0.02,0.03,0.05 said.Proportion to convert the output signal can be measured. Taking into acc
20、ount the different place of use of the acceleration due to gravity and air buoyancy on the conversion, the main performance indicators of the load cell linearity error, hysteresis error, repeatability error, creep, zero-temperature characteristics and temperature sensitivity characteristics. In a va
21、riety of weighing and measuring the quality of the system, usually the integrated error accuracy of the integrated control sensors, and integrated error band or scale error band linked so that selection corresponds to a certain accuracy weighing weighing sensors. International Organization of Legal
22、Metrology (OIML) requirements, sensor error with total weighing instrument error with of 70% of the load cell linearity error, hysteresis error within the specified temperature range due to the effect of temperature on the sensitivity of the error the sum can not exceed the error band of . This allo
23、ws the manufacturer of the components that make up the total measurement error adjustment to obtain the desired accuracy.The load cell conversion method is divided into photoelectric, hydraulic, electromagnetic force type, capacitive, magnetic poles change the form of vibratory gyroscope ceremony, r
24、esistance strain type, to the most extensive use of resistance strain.Electromagnetic force sensorItElectromagnetic force sensorIt uses a load-bearing stage load and the principle of electromagnetic force Equilibrium (Figure 5). Put the loading stage, the measured object at one end of the lever upwa
25、rd tilt; photoelectric detect the tilt signal, amplified into the coil, the electromagnetic force, so that the lever to return to equilibrium. Currents produce electromagnetic counterweight digital converter, you can determine the quality of the measured object. The electromagnetic force sensor accu
26、racy, up to 1/2000 1/60000, but the weighing range is only tens of mg to 10 kg.Capacitive sensorsIt Capacitor oscillator circuit of the oscillation frequency and the plate spacing d is directly proportional relationship between the work. There are two plates, one fixed and the other one can move. Be
27、aring load measured object, the leaf spring deflection, the distance between the two plates changes, the oscillation frequency of the circuit also changes. The measured frequency change can be calculated to the quality of the load-bearing stage, the measured object. Capacitive sensor power consumpti
28、on, low cost, accuracy of 1/200 to 1/500.Pole change the form of sensorFerromagnetic components in the measured object gravity under mechanical deformation, internal stress and cause changes in permeability, and also changes so that the induced voltage of the secondary coil wound on both sides of th
29、e ferromagnetic component (pole). Measure the voltage variation can be calculated added to the force on the pole, and then determine the quality of the measured object. Pole to change the form of sensor accuracy is not high, usually 1/100, applicable to the large tonnage weighing, weighing ranging f
30、rom tens to tens of thousands of kilograms.Vibration sensorThe force of the elastic element, the natural vibration frequency of the force is proportional to the square root of. Measure the natural frequency changes, you can find the measured object role in the elastic component of the force, and the
31、n calculate the quality. The vibration sensor vibrating wire and tuning fork.The elastic component of the vibrating wire sensor string wire. When the load-bearing stage, plus the measured object, the intersection of the V-shaped string wire is pulled down, and left strings of tension increases, the
32、right string tension decreases. The natural frequency of the two strings of different changes. Calculate the frequency difference between the two strings, you can find the quality of the measured object. The higher the accuracy of the vibrating wire sensor, up to 1/1000 1/10000, weighing 100 g to hu
33、ndreds of kilograms, but the structure is complex and difficult process, and high cost.The elastic component of the tuning fork sensor is a tuning fork. Fixed tuning fork end of the piezoelectric element, the natural frequency of oscillation of a tuning fork, it can be measured oscillation frequency
34、. When the load-bearing stage and the measured object, the tuning fork direction of tensile force while the increase in natural frequency, increasing levels of applied force is proportional to the square root. Measure the changes of natural frequency can be calculated heavy loads imposed on the tuni
35、ng fork on the force, and then calculate the quality of heavy objects. The tuning fork sensor power consumption, measurement accuracy up to 1/10000 to 1/200 000, weighing range of 500g 10kg.外文参考文献中文翻译参考一：摘要: 为解决现代商业贸易和日常生活中经常遇到的测量小质量物体的重量问题, 介绍了一种新型的袖珍式电子秤的设计。此袖珍式电子秤采用测力传感器将重力信号转换成电信号来测量, 并将测量结果进行数字
36、显示。该袖珍式电子秤具有体积小、重量轻、携带方便、显示直观、测量精度高等优点; 也有结构复杂, 成本高等缺点。本文主要阐述了称重传感器的工作原理、误差补偿、主要参数选择。并进行了技术经济性分析。关键词: 袖珍电子秤, 称重, 传感器, 误差补偿1 在现代商业贸易和日常生活中, 经常遇到测量小质量物体的重量问题。传统的杆秤虽能解决这一问题,但不便携带, 效率不高, 显示不直观且测量精度低; 机械式弹簧秤也能解决这一问题, 但惯性大, 固有频率低、灵敏度不高, 测量精度也不高。随着微计算机技术、集成电路技术、传感器技术的进步及更新, 电子秤获得了迅猛的发展, 它具有反应灵敏、准确度高、功能齐全、显
37、示直观、结构紧凑、使用方便等特点。由于以上原因, 为解决小质量的物体的称重问题,若能有一种体积小、重量轻、便于携带、可数字显示的电子秤, 将会广受欢迎。下面所讨论的即是一种称重范围为0 5 kg 的袖珍电子秤的设计问题。2 设计袖珍电子秤的主要任务是称重的测力传感器的选择。能实现测力的传感器种类很多, 要实现称重及数显, 关键是要把力(重力) 信号转换成电信号来测量, 其方法主要分为2类: 一类是直接法, 即利用压磁式传感器、压电式传感器、压阻式传感器直接将力信号转换成电信号; 另一类是间接法, 即以弹性元件作为敏感器, 将拉、压力转变为应变、位移或频率, 再用应变传感器、位移传感器或频率传感
38、器把应变、位移或频率转变为电量。综合比较各种传感器的情况, 在此选用间接法的应变式力传感器。袖珍电子秤结构原理：传感器 放大器 AD 转换器 CPU 显示器 3 工作原理:应变式力传感器的工作原理是将应变片粘贴到受力的力敏型弹性元件上, 当弹性元件受力产生变形时,应变片产生相应的应变, 转化成电阻变化, 从而引起测量电路的电压变化, 通过测量输出电压的数值, 再通过换算即可得到所测量物体的重量。由于袖珍电子秤要求体积小, 称量范围不大, 精度和角偶一致性高, 传感器与显示器一体化等特点, 故选用双孔悬臂平行梁应变式承重传感器。其特点是: 精度高、易加工、结构简单紧凑、抗偏载能力强、固有频率高。
39、 应变片选用由栅状金属泊粘贴在绝缘基片上构成的金属泊式应变片, 电阻应变片感受的机械应变量一般为10- 6 10- 2mm , 随之而产生的电阻变化率也大约在10- 6 10- 2数量级之间, 这样小的电阻变化用一般的电阻测量仪表很难测出, 必须采用一定形式的测量。 电路将微小的电阻变化率转变成电压或电流的变化,才能用二次仪表显示出来。桥式测量电路能够满足这一要求。在称重传感器中, R 1, R 2, R 3, R 44 个应变片电阻组成的桥式测量电路如图3 所示。R m 为温度补偿电阻, e 为激励电压,V 为输出电压。参考二：称重传感器实际上是一种将质量转变为可测量的电信号输出的装置。用传
40、感器茵先要考虑传感器所处的实际工作环境，这点对正确选用称重传感器至关重要，它关系到传感器能否正常工作以及它的安全和使用寿命，乃至整个的可靠性和安全性。在称重传感器主要技术指标的基本概念和评价方法上，新旧国标有质的差异。传统概念上，负荷传感器是、测的统称，用单项参数评价它的计量特性。旧国标将应用对象和使用环境条件完全不同的“称重”和“测力”两种传感器合二为一来考虑，对试验和评价方法未给予区分。旧国标共有21项指标，均在常温下进行试验；并用非线性、滞后、重复性误差、蠕变、零点温度附加误差以及额定输出温度附加误差6项指标中的最大误差，来确定称重传感器，分别用0.02、0.03、0.05表示。定比例转
41、换成可计量的输出信号。考虑到不同使用地点的重力加速度和空气浮力对转换的影响，称重传感器的性能指标主要有线性误差、滞后误差、蠕变、零点温度特性和灵敏度温度特性等。在各种衡器和质量计量系统中，通常用综合误差带来综合控制传感器，并将综合误差带与衡器误差带联系起来，以便选用对应于某一准确度衡器的称重传感器。(OIML)规定，传感器的误差带占衡器误差带的70%，称重传感器的线性误差、滞后误差以及在规定温度范围内由于温度对灵敏度的影响所引起的误差等的总和不能超过误差带。这就允许对构成计量总误差的各个分量进行调整，从而获得期望的准确度。称重传感器按转换方法分为光电式、液压式、电磁力式、电容式、磁极变形式、振
42、动式、陀螺仪式、电阻应变式等8类，以应变式使用最广。电磁力式传感器它利用承重台上的负荷与电磁力相平衡的原理工作（图5）。当承重台上放有被测物时，杠杆的一端向上倾斜；光电件检测出倾斜度信号，经放大后流入，产生电磁力，使杠杆恢复至。对产生电磁平衡力的进行数字转换，即可确定被测物质量。电磁力式传感器准确度高，可达1/20001/60000，但称量范围仅在几十毫克至10千克之间。电容式传感器它利用振荡电路的振荡频率f与极板间距d 的正比例关系工作(图6 )。极板有两块，一块固定不动，另一块可移动。在承重台加载被测物时，板簧挠曲，两极板之间的距离发生变化，电路的振荡频率也随之变化。测出频率的变化即可求出
43、承重台上被测物的质量。耗电量少，造价低，准确度为1/2001/500。磁极变形式传感器铁磁元件在被测物重力作用下发生机械变形时，内部产生应力并引起导磁率变化，使绕在铁磁元件（磁极）两侧的次级线圈的感应也随之变化。测量出电压的变化量即可求出加到磁极上的力，进而确定被测物的质量。磁极变形式传感器的准确度不高，一般为1/100，适用于大吨位称量工作，称量范围为几十至几万千克。振动式传感器弹性元件受力后，其固有振动频率与作用力的平方根成正比。测出固有频率的变化，即可求出被测物作用在弹性元件上的力，进而求出其质量。振动式传感器有振弦式和音叉式两种。 的弹性元件是弦丝。当承重台上加有被测物时，V形弦丝的交
44、点被拉向下，且的拉力增大，右弦的拉力减小。两根弦的固有频率发生不同的变化。求出两根弦的频率之差，即可求出被测物的质量。振弦式传感器的准确度较高，可达1/10001/10000，称量范围为100克至几百千克，但结构复杂，加工难度大，造价高。 音叉式传感器的弹性元件是音叉。音叉端部固定有压电元件，它以音叉的固有频率振荡，并可测出振荡频率。当承重台上加有被测物时，音叉拉伸方向受力而固有频率增加，增加的程度与施加力的平方根成正比。测出固有频率的变化，即可求出重物施加于音叉上的力，进而求出重物质量。音叉式传感器耗电量小，计量准确度高达1/100001/，称量范围为500g10kg。参考文献1Abraham.IP. Switching Power Supply DesignJ. 2nd Edn. McGraw-Hill. NewYork 1988:1.2Amit Patel Btech.A capacitance pressure sensor using a phase-lockedloopD.Journal of Rehabilitation Researchand Development Vol.26 No.2:5562.专心-专注-专业