大学英语四级-语法ppt课件.ppt

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1、大学英语四级大学英语四级-语法篇语法篇王王 颖颖时态复习时态复习有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 时时 态态 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。l时间状语从句当中的时态:l一般过去时 所有的过去l用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来l现在完成时

2、 现在完成和将来完成非谓语动词非谓语动词有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。非谓语动词非谓语动词-不定式不定式 l1) 形式形式l主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式一般式一般式 to do to be done完成式完成式 to have done to have been done进行式进行式 to be doing 完成进行式完成进行式 to have been doing 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依

3、赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。la) 完成式完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与通常与主要谓语表示的动作主要谓语表示的动作(状态状态)同时同时(或几乎同时或几乎同时)发生发生, 或或是在它之后发生是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所在谓语所表示的动作表示的动作(状态状态)之前发生之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较比较: I am glad to s

4、ee you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。l b) 进行式进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作如果主要谓语表示的动作(状状态态)发生时发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working. Yo

5、u havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively. 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。lc) 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are ha

6、ppy to have been working with you.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。ld) 被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things

7、to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。l2) 功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechani

8、ze agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from you.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。l3) 不带不带to 的不定式的不定式: la) 在在“动词动词+ 宾语宾语+不定式不定式”结构中结构中, 如果动如果动词是表示感觉意义的词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等等, 或是表示或是表示“致使致使”意义的意义的 have,

9、 make, let等等, 其后的不定式结构不带其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.l这类结构转换为被动语态时这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带后面的不带to 的的不定式一般还原为带不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。lb) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would so

10、oner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。lc) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let d

11、rive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.(一顿咒骂) Ive heard tell of him. (听说、听到)有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。ld) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.Can I help (to) lift thi

12、s heavy box? le) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。lf) 连词 rat

13、her than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.l出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.有利于学习和创新

14、的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。lg) 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”,“thing +关系分句”,“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成,并带有do的某种形式,这时,作为主语补语的不定式可以省to,也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myse

15、lf.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。l4) 不定式的其他用法la) tooto 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.lenoughto结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to un

16、derstand all that.lnot too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:Hes only too pleased to help her.lsoas (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。lb) 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:I

17、t is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.l在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Its kind of you to think so

18、much of us.(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。动名词动名词l具有动作性特征的名词具有动作性特征的名词l1)是名词 seeing is believingl2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语有利于学习和创新的组织管理机

19、制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。一)动名词的形式:l一般形式:I dont like you smoking. l完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice.l被动形式:This question is far from being settled.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。二) 动名词常考的点l1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数动名词做主语谓语动词为单数l2)

20、在动名词和不定式中在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词做为介词的宾语是动名词l3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.lI would appreciate_ back this afternoon l Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling(Key:C your calling 也对)lI regret not having taken your advice.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以

21、市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。4)有些词后只能接动名词ladmit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it

22、 means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。另外还有一些接另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法形式的常用说法lits no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/har

23、dly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。5 有些词后加不定式和动名词均可lremember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和后面用不定式和-ing形式,意义截然不容。形式,意义截然

24、不容。lI remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)lI remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)lforgot与remember的用法类似。lI regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你lI regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任

25、的合作环境。ltry to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.ltry ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. lI mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 打算、想我想去,但我父亲不让我去。lTo raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既

26、开放又相互信任的合作环境。prefer的用法:的用法:l我宁愿在这里等。lI prefer to wait here. (所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去。)lI prefer waiting here.(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。)lI prefer swimming to cycling. (这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。)有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。分分 词词l3. 分词l1) 意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义; 而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有

27、的来自不及物动词, 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine有利于学习和创新的组织管理

28、机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。l来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors l用作后置修饰语的过去

29、分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。l2) 句法作用la) 作定语: distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄, armed forces武装部队, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken

30、area灾区l分词还可构成合成词作定语: simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间, clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业, heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造卫星有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。lb) 作补足语: 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see, hear, feel, find, thin

31、k等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.lmake, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.llike, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词:I dont want any of

32、 you (to be) involved in the scandal.He wont like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。lc) 过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,Delighted with her work, they made he

33、r the general manager.l过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.l有时也可说明动作发生的时间, 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.l间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis, we can see th

34、is is totally wrong.l偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.虚拟语气虚拟语气条件句有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。三种基本形式三种基本形式lIf I had a bike, I would lend it to you.(if从句用过去时, 主句用should/ would/ could/ might+不定式)lIf he had bee

35、n here, he would have helped you.(从句过去完成时, 主句should /would/ could/ might +不定式完成时)lIf I should/were to do the experiment, I would do it some other way. (从句用should/ were to, 主句用should/would /could /might+不定式)有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。if的省略的省略l1. Were you in

36、 my position,you would do the same.l2. Had he come earlier,he would have seen her.l3. Should they attack us, we would wipe them out completely.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。If onlylIf only you would listen to reason.lIf only I were ten years younger.lIF only

37、he didnt drive so fast.lIf only he had asked someones advice.lIf I could only go to the concert.lIf I could only/but/just explain.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。I wishlI wish I knew the answer.lI wish I had known the address.lI wish I were young.lI wish you wo

38、uld stop asking silly questions.lI wished I knew his address.(发生在过去=I was sorry I didnt know his address.)lI wished I were young.(=I was sorry I was not young.)有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Would ratherlI would rather you told her the truth.lId rather you cam

39、e tomorrow.lId rather (that) he painted it blue.lI would (just)as soon that John had not spoken rudely to me.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。It is (high) time that.lIt is time we_(leave).lIt is time we _(go)to bed.lIts high time that you were in bed.lIts about

40、time we left.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Its important that.lIt is important that we _ (speak) politely.lIt is imperative that we_ (practice) criticism and self-criticisml strange, advisable, anxious, crucial, appropriate compulsory, desirable, eager, essen

41、tial, fitting, imperative(绝对必要的), impossible, improper, natural, necessary, obligatory, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。I insist thatlI insist that we _ (go) there by bus.lHe suggested that we _ (leave) early.lThe judge

42、 ordered that the prisoner _ (be) sentenced to 30 days in jail.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。这些动词和名词后的从句为这些动词和名词后的从句为should+Vladvise(advice), agree(agreement), decide(decision), decree, demand, determine (determination), grant, indicate(indication), insist, m

43、ove (insistence), order, request, require prefer(preference), urge, vote, ask, propose(proposal), (requirement), resolve(resolution), stipulate, desirel(stipulation), allow, arrange, beg, concede, demonstrate, ensure, pray, intend, move, pledge, command 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中

44、心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。My suggestion.lMy suggestion is that we should tell him.lOur only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.lrequest command necessity importance motion proposal resolution recommendation understanding有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖

45、既开放又相互信任的合作环境。but for, otherwise, withoutlThe storm delayed us. But for the storm we would have been in time.lI used my calculator; otherwise Id have taken much longer.lSupposing I accepted this offer, what would you say?lWithout you timely help, my daughter would have drowned.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力

46、的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。情态动词情态动词l情态动词(model verb)用来表示能力、允许、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。主要的情态动词有can (could),may (might),shall (should),will (would),must,ought to,need,dare等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化,其后常跟不带to的不定式。 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。1. 情态动词的一般用法:情

47、态动词的一般用法: l(1) 表示能力: can, could, be able tolHe is over 80 but still can read without glasses.lShe couldnt come yesterday.lHe cant come tomorrow. 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。l can/could 与be able to 用法比较l1)be able to 除有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时外,还可有现在完成时、不定式、动词-ing 形

48、式等。l This is the information Ive been able to get so far.l To be able to ride a bike, she practiced a lot.l Just being able to drive a horse, a cart isnt much help to us. l2) could表示过去总的、经常性的能力;was/were able to 表示过去具体情况下具有的能力,并且做了某动作。lHe could speak French, so he was able to show the French lady the

49、 way. l3) 表示将来的能力常用will be able to.lWhen will you be able to take us to town?有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制,创造充满活力的创新激励机制,以市场为导向,以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围,依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。(2)表示许可:表示许可:can/could,may/might;cant,maynot,mustnt,mustnotl1) 征询“许可”或给予“许可”可用can/could 或may/might 表示。May 用于正式场合,can 用于非正式场合,could 用于客气的询问,might 极少用。l Y

50、ou can go at four oclock.l Could I borrow your pen?l Students may take 3 books each. l Might I ask whether you are using the typewriter?l 2) 表示“不允许”用 cant, may not, mustnt; must not 语气重。l You cant leave the table unless you finish your meal.l Put that cigarette out. You must not smoke near a petrol

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