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1、Notes & Grammar of 8A Notes for Reading of Unit 31. deal with trouble 1) deal with : handle (处理，应付，对待) a problem or person; look after something and do what is necessary; deal dealt dealt (1) deal with sb. 对待 /对付某人e.g. He is naughty. Nobody knows how to deal with him. (2) deal with sth. 处理 /应付问题e.g.
2、 Do you know how to deal with the trouble / the case? deal (n.) a great deal of +不可数名词大量的e.g. a great deal of time 大量的时间(v.&n.) 交易，协议e.g. We have done a deal with him. 我们已经和他做了一个协议/做一笔生意。 dealer n. 商人a drug dealer 毒品贩子2) trouble : problem, difficulty or worry 问题；困难What s the trouble / the matter / w
3、rong with you? (be) in trouble 处于困难中 have trouble (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难 troublesome (adj.) 麻烦的；困难的；讨厌的2. Paul is writing about an unusual thing which happened to him one day. 保罗正在写 (关于 )某天发生在他身上的一件不同寻常的事情。1) write about 写有关于 2) happen (不及物动词 ) (1) (sb.) happen to do sth. (某人 )碰巧去做某事（否定：happen not t
4、o do sth. 或do not happen to do sth.) e.g. Paul happened to meet an old friend in the bookstore yesterday. I didn t happen to have any time then. (那时我碰巧没有时间。) = I happened not to have any time then. = I happened to have no time then. (2) (sth.) happen to sb. (某事 )碰巧发生在某人身上e.g. You look very sad. What
5、 has happened to you? 你看上去很难过。发生了什么事？ I hope nothing has happened to my friend. 我希望我的朋友不会遇到什么不测。比较 “happen ” 和 “take place ”:(1) 发生take place （事先计划 /安排好的） = happen （偶然遇到 /遭到）(2) 举行take place = be held e.g. The concert will take place next Sunday. =will be held 3) unusual (元音开头adj.): strange or uncom
6、mon 特别的；不寻常的usual (辅音开头adj.) 通常的(un)usually (adv.)(不)寻常的； (不)通常的4) one day (将来 /过去 )某一天some day (将来 )某一天3. Today my dad and I were waiting for the ferry when suddenly we heard a big argument. 1) wait waited waited waiting waiter / waitress wait for 等待 /等候wait to do 等待 /等候去做2) suddenly (adv.): all at
7、 once 突然间；突然地 sudden (adj.) 突然的3) hear heard heard (感官动词 )听见，听到表示动作过程的词语: listen to 听 look for 寻找 look at 看表示动作结果的词语: hear 听到 /见 find 找到 see 看到 /见 hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人正在做某事hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事(全过程 )/经常做某事 hear from sb. = receive / get a letter from sb. 收到某人的来信4) argument (可数 n.) angry talk b
8、etween people with different ideas 争吵；争论；争辩have an argument about sth. with sb. 和某人争吵有关于 argue (v.) : talk angrily; quarrel 争论；争吵；争辩argued argued arguing argue about sth. with sb.（提示： “ ue”结尾变形时要去“ e”，你还记得吗？）5) when (1) 作特殊疑问词：何时；什么时候(2) 作 conj.连词： 在那时候（本句中用法）= and at that time 当 时候（可能会用“ 主一将，从一现” ）
9、4. Two women tourists and a young man were shouting at each other. 1) women tourists (单数 ) a woman tourist man 和 woman 修饰其它名词时变复数时，需要同时变复数。e.g. a man driver (pl.复数 ) men drivers 2) shout at 冲 叫喊；冲 嚷嚷shout back at 冲 回嚷3) each other 互相；彼此（两者之间）one another 互相；彼此（3 之间）两个短语的所有格都在短语后加“ S”，互相的，彼此的。5. The m
10、an held out a bag, and showed everyone that it was empty. 1) hold held held 握；持有；容纳；举行(= have) catch / take hold of 抓住hold out （动副结构）递出东西；伸出手（或胳膊）hold up （动副结构）举起hold on 请稍等（可用于打电话中）2) show showed shown show sb. sth. show sth. to sb. 将 给某人看句中 “ that it was empty”是 that 引导陈述句作“ 宾语从句 ” ，引导词 “that ”可以省
11、去。3) empty (v. & adj.) 将 倒空；空的 adj.反义词full 6. The crowd stared at the three people. No one knew what was happening. 1) crowd : (n.) lots of people together 人群；观众(v.) 拥挤；群集the crowd 人群（复数含义）a crowd of + 可复一大群 crowded (adj.) 拥挤的be crowded with 挤满 近义be filled with 装满 /充满 be full of 2) stare at 盯着 . 看；凝
12、视 glare at 怒视 stare out of window 凝视着窗外look at 看look out of window 朝窗外看3) no one (不定代词 ) = nobody 4) know knew known 知道 ；认识 know about 了解 句中 “ what was happening”作 knew 的“ 宾语从句 ” 。7. My dad moved throu gh the crowd and said quietly to one of the women, “ What s going on?”1) quietly (adv.) 小声地；安静地；悄悄
13、地 (反义 ) loudly 大声地 quiet (adj.) 安静的2) go on = happen 发生(本句中意思 ) 继续go on doing sth. (不间断地 )继续做某事= continue doing sth. go on to do sth. (有间断地 )继续做某事= continue to do sth. go on with sth. 继续 (做)某事3) say said said say sth. to sb. 对某人说 4) move through 在 中穿梭e.g. Cars move slowly through the traffic jams. 车
14、辆缓慢穿梭在交通堵塞中。through (prep.) (从 里 )穿过 across (prep. & adv.) (从 上 )穿过 e.g. through the gate / the tunnel / the forest / the window / the peephole across the square / the river / the street 另外， through the night 彻夜through his father 通过他的父亲(帮助 ) 区别： throughout = all over 遍及 /遍布 8. steal stole stolen (v.
15、) 偷steal sth. from sb. / sp. 从某人 /某地偷 stealing (n.) 偷窃（行为）(adj.) 有偷窃行为的(近义 ) theft (n.) 偷窃 /盗窃 (案件 /事件 ) stolen (adj.) 被偷窃的；偷走的stealer (n.) 偷窃者（近义） thief throughacross 比较：rob robbed robbed robbing rob sb. / sp. of sth. 抢某人 /某地 robber (n.) 强盗；盗贼robbery (n.) 抢劫 (案件 /事件 ) 9. We were in the bookshop, bu
16、ying postcards. 这里的 “ buying postcards”是“ 现在分词短语” 做“ 伴随状语 ” ，伴随在商店里所进行的行为。10. Three young men started talking to us. 1) start doing sth. 开始做某事；着手做某事start to do sth. 开始去做某事start = begin 2) talk (v.&n.) 交谈；交流talk to sb. 对某人谈 /说talk with sb. 与/和某人交流 /交谈talk about sth. 谈论某事have a talk with sb. 和某人谈谈话比较：
17、speak to sb. 对某人说say sth. to sb. 向某人说某事tell sb. sth. (about ) 告诉某人 (有关于 )某事11. Suddenly my friend noticed that her purse was gone. 1) notice (感官动词 ) 注意到notice + 宾语从句（本句中用法，划线部分是“ 宾从 ” 。 ）notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人正在做某事notice sb. do sth. 注意到某人做某事（全过程）/经常做某事其余感官动词see / look at / hear / listen to / wa
18、tch / observe(观察 )用法相同。 (n.) 通知，布告2) gone go went gone (vi.) 去 (adj.) = away from a place; 不见了； used up; 消失了； drunk up; 不复存在了；eaten up 离开了比较：lost (adj.) 丢失了；迷失了；迷路了12. Two of the men ran away. run ran run running run away (from ) (从 .)逃跑；逃离 ( ) 13. We followed this man here. I followed him to a shop
19、 nearby. follow (v.) = go after ; come after 跟随 ；更从 ；列在 之后follow sb. to sp. (地点名词 ) 跟随某人到某地follow sb. here / there / home 跟随某人到这里/那里 /家 = go along ; go down 沿着 走；顺着 走 following (adj.) 以下的；下列的follower (n.) 追随者；信徒14. Then the gates opened. The man hurried aboard, and the two women tourists went after
20、him. 1) gate: door in a fence or wall outside a building 大门；登机口door: 门（相对较小，如卧室门、教室门等）entrance: 入口处 (反义 ) exit 2) hurry hurried hurried (v.&n.) 匆忙，赶紧，赶快，催促hurry to do sth. 匆忙 /赶紧去做某事hurry to sp. 匆忙 /赶紧去某地hurry here / there / home / aboard 匆忙 /赶快来这里 /去那里 /回家 /上船（飞机 /火车 /公共汽车等）in a hurry 匆忙地= hurriedl
21、y in such a hurry 如此匆忙地3) aboard (adv.副 词& prep. 介词 ) : 登 (机)；上 (船 / 火车/ 公共汽车等 ) 比较： abroad (adv.) 在国外15. Let s take the next ferry.1) (使役动词let) let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事let sb. not do sth. 让某人不做某事2) take the next ferry 乘下班渡船16. This was strange. Was my dad afraid of that man? 1) strange: unusual, surp
22、rising 奇怪的；奇异的 陌生的 stranger (n.) 陌生人2) afraid (adj.) 害怕的；恐怕的；担心的（只能做“ 表语 ” ，不能够做 “ 定语 ” ）be afraid of sb. / sth. 害怕 ；畏惧 be afraid to do sth. 害怕 (不敢 )去做某事be afraid of doing sth. 害怕（不愿）做某事比较： frightening (adj.) 令人害怕的（即可做“ 表语 ” ，又可做 “ 定语 ” ） frightened (adj.) 感到害怕的17. He picked up the phone and quickly
23、 dialled 110. 1) pick up （动副结构）拿起，捡起；(开车 )接某人pick 采摘2) dial dialled dialled 拨（电话号码）18. I want to report a theft. 1) report (v. & n.) 报告；报道；成绩单report sth. to sb. 向 汇报 /报道 reporter = journalist 记者2) theft (可数 n.) 偷窃案 /事件；抢劫案/事件 (不可数 n.) 偷窃行为比较： thief 小偷 thieves (pl.) 19. The man is on No. 3 ferry now.
24、 on the / a / No. 3 ferry (介词短语 )在渡船上by ferry (介词短语 )乘渡船take a / the / No.3 ferry (动词短语 )乘渡船20. Please meet the ferry. meet 1) (v.) meet met met (迎)接 ；遇见 ；迎合 ；会见 2) (n.) 会议= meeting meet with 偶然遇到 /碰到 21. He gave some more details, and then put the phone down. 1) give gave given give sb. sth. = give
25、 sth. to sb. 2) put down(动副短语 ) 放下 ；记下 ；镇压 put up (动副短语 ) 挂起 ；张贴 ；搭建put on (动副短语 ) （动作）穿 put off (动副短语 ) 推迟 put off doing sth. 推迟做某事put into 将 放进 里put onto 将 放到 上3) detail (n.) 细节；复数常表示“ 详细情况 ” in detail 详细地；具体地 detailed (adj.) 详细的；明细的22. As we got off, we saw the two women tourists and four policem
26、en standing around the man and he looked worried. 1) as (这里做 “ conj. 连词 ” 使用 ) 当 的时候= when as 做“ prep. 介词 ” 使用时，表示“ 作为 ”as + adj. / adv. 原级+ as 和 一样 2) get off 下（汽车/ 火车/ 地铁/ 船等） (反义 ) get on get out of 下（小车/ Taxi 等） (反义 ) get into 3) see saw seen (感官动词，用法见本课NOTE 11) see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事see s
27、b. do sth. 看见某人做某事（全过程）/ 经常做某事see sb. off 给某人送行see sb. = visit sb. 看望某人4) stand around sb. 站在某人四周/身边5) look worried 看上去担忧的/慌张的worry worried worried (v. & n.) （使）担心 /担忧worry about 担心 /担忧 worried (adj.) 担心的；担忧的；着急的；烦恼的；慌张的be worried about 为 而担忧的 /担心的23. “ Well done, Dad,” I said as we walked by.1) Wel
28、l done！ （口语）好样的！做得好！干得真棒！2) as ( 这里也做 “ conj. 连词 ” 使用 ) 当 的时候= when 3) walk by ( ) 走过 ( . 旁)，这里的by 即可做 “ adv. ”，也可做 “ prep. ”。pass by ( ) 经过（ ）go by ( ) （从 旁）走过 /经过 by 其它用法：(1) by + 交通方式名词，“ 乘 ”(2) by 在 旁/边，e.g. by the river 在河边(3) by doing sth. 通过做某事(4) 被动语态句中“ by sb. ”，“ 被某人 ”24. Dad just smiled.
29、1) smile (v. & n.) smile at 朝 微笑with a smile 面带微笑地2) just (adv.) 只是；仅仅是just 其它用法：(1) just now = a moment ago 刚才（用于 “ 一过 ” ）(2) just then 就在那时（用于“ 一过 ” ）(3) just “刚刚 ” ，用于 “ 现完 ” 句中(4) just + 点时间， = exactly 正好是(5) just a little (+ 不可数 n.) = only a little (+ 不可数 n.) 只有一点 just a few (+ 可复 ) = only a fe
30、w (+ 可复 ) 只有一些 (6) just as + 从句，正如 (7) just the same 照样(8) just 放在 “ 祈使句 ” 前，就/请e.g. Just do it! 就做吧！25. Have you ever been on a ferry? 你曾经坐过渡船吗？ever (adv.) 曾经；在任何时候；从来= at any time （否定） never (adv.) 从不26. diary (n.) 日记 diaries (pl.) keep a diary / keep diaries 记日记区别词语：dairy (adj.) 奶制的；乳制品业的(n.) 奶制品
31、加工厂；乳品店；牛奶场daily (adj.) = everyday 每日的27. realize (v.) 意思到 ；领会 real (adj.) 真正的 really (adv.) 真正地 realization (n.) 领会；实现28. downstairs (adv.) 在楼下；往楼下（反义） upstairs go downstairs / upstairs 下楼 /上楼carry downstairs / upstairs 将 搬下楼 /搬上楼29. fight (v. & n.) 战斗；打斗；打架fight fought fought fight for 为支持 /保卫 而战f
32、ight (against) 为反对 而战；打 fight each other 互相打斗30. rather (adv.) 相当；在某种程度上，1) 放在 adj. / adv.前面修饰，一般指不好的一面。e.g. rather fat / bad 等. 2) would rather + 动词原形，宁愿做某事比较：quite + adj. / adv. 十分 fairly + adj. / adv. 相当 ，指较为好的一面。e.g. fairly good 31. Diary 日记格式第一行左边书写“ 天气情况的词语” 如： sunny/fine；rainy； cloudy；snowy等。
33、右边书写 “ 写日记时间 ” 。通常情况下， 继续过去的事件/情感，使用 “ 一过 ” ，如果抒发对未来的展望或书写未来的计划/打算，则用 “ 一将 ” 。Notes for Grammar of Unit 3 The simple past tense ( 一般过去时态)通过 “ 时间轴 ” 理解时间背景：时间轴： -I-I-PAST(过去 ) NOW( 现在 ) FUTURE( 未来 ) 1. “ 一过 ” 概念与功能：记述或谈论“ 过去的时间背景” 中发生的事情或存在的状态，所以在使用 “ 一过 ” 时态时， 句子中要么一定出现明确的过去时间状语，要么前后情境为过去背景，或者句中的谓语动
34、作或状态是众所周知发生在过去的动作或状态。2. “一过 ” 谓语动词形式使用“ the past form 过去式 ” 变化形式有：1) 规则动词变化规则：(1)以不发音的 “ e”结尾，“ 直接 +d” : e.g. stared ；moved; used等。(2)以辅音字母 +y 结尾， “ 将 y 变成 i 后再 +es” : e.g. hurried ；carried； tried 等。(3)以重读闭音节即动词末尾音节是“ 一个辅音字母+一个元音字母+一个辅音字母” 而且这个元音字母必须是重读的短元音， “ 双写末尾的辅音字母+ed” : e.g. planned ；stopped；r
35、obbed； dropped 等。(4) 大多数的动词过去式直接+ed: e.g. waited; rained; looked 等。2) 不规则动词过去式变化规则详见课本P.143-P.145， (下周以试卷形式检查，) 3. 通常情况下，“ 实意动词、情态动词、联系动词” 的过去式可以使用在所有主语之后。而 be 的过去式was 和 were 的使用有主语限制：“I 和所有第三人称单数he / she / it / 一个人或物 ” 后使用 “ was”；“ we 和 you 以及所有第三人称复数they / 2 的人或物 ” 后使用 were。4. “一过 ” 肯、否、疑问句构成：两类过去
36、式主语人称情况肯定句否定句疑问句beI 以及He、She、It 、一个人或物waswasntwas 提到主语前We、You 以及They、2 个人或物werewerentwere 提到主语前其它动词适用于一切主语过去式didnt + 动词原形did 提到主语前 +动词原形5. 适用于 “ 一过 ” 的明确的时间状语有：(1) ago在 以前(2) last year / month / November / week / Monday / night/autumn等the year / month / November / week / Monday / night / autumn befo
37、re last 等去年/上个月 /上个星期 /上个星期一 /昨晚 /去年秋天前年 /前个月 /前个星期 /前个星期一 /前晚 /前年秋天(3) yesterday (morning / afternoon / evening) the day before yesterday昨天（早上 /下午 /晚上）前天(4) at + 过去点时间在（过去）几点钟(5) on + 过去的日期 /过去的假日在（过去）几月几日/假日(6) in + 过去的年代 /过去的月份 /过去的季节在（过去）几几年/几月 /哪个季节友情提醒：(1) 对过去的时间提问使用When ；其中对过去的点时间提问还可以使用What
38、time ；(2) “ ago / last ”用于 “ 一过 ” ，用 When 提问，而“ since ago / since last (自从 以来 ” 用于 “ 现完 ) ” ，用 “ How long ”提问。6. 有关于 “ 时间 ” 书写的几点注意点：1) 在具体某一天的早/中 /晚前，介词使用“ on”，如：on a rainy afternoon on a Thursday morning on an autumn morning on the morning of October 1ston the night of National Day 以上表示 “ 具体某一天概念”
39、 的主要是：天气词语，星期词语，季节词语，日期短语，节假日词语或短语等等。2) 在“ every / last / next / this / tomorrow / yesterday + 时间 ” 短语之前，不可以再使用介词“ on / in / at” 。3) 有些时间短语前固定介词搭配：on Christmas Day = at Christmas on Chinese New Year s Day = at Chinese New Yearon the Mid-autumn Festival 在中秋节on that day (在那一天 ) on weekdays at noon / a
40、t night / at midnight / at that time ( = then 在那时 ) / at the moment(此时；目前 ) / at lunchtime / at break / at weekends in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening / in the night in the twenty-first century 在 21 世纪during / in the summer holiday/ vacation 在暑假期间 /内during / in the winter holiday / v
41、acation 在寒假期间 /内等等。Unit 3 Phrases Notes1. Have/Did you ever ?2. have an argument with sb.=argue with sb.3. deal with=do with4. happen to dohappen to sb.It happened that 5. What was happening?=What was going on?6. happen=take place7. take place=be held8. be crowded with9.a big(large) crowd10. stare a
42、t11. look through the windowgo/walk through the tunnel/forest/woods/ pass through the English Channelmove through the crowd12. go/walk/run across swim across the river13. keep quiet = keep silent14. read silently15. speak a little loudersay loudlyread aloud16. be going on=be happening17. steal sth.
43、from sb. (theft, thief)18. rob sb. of sth. (robber, robbery)19. a bank robbery20. in his wallet; in her purse21. all her troubleshave trouble (in) doinghave got heart trouble be in trouble get into trouble have trouble with sth/sb take trouble to do 22. entranceexit 23. go aboard24. go abroad25. hur
44、ry aboard=go aboard in a hurry=go aboard hurriedly26. fall aboard27. close aboard28. go after=follow29. be afraid of sth./doing=be afraid to doI am afraid that , I m afraid .=I m afraid that 30. car thefta lot of thefts31. in detailall the details32. put downput upput down=write down33. get onget of
45、fget into the carget out of the car34. be worried about=worry about35. one day(将来或过去的某一天)36. all of a sudden=suddenly37. shout at; shout back at; shout to38. help each other; learn from each other; talk to each other39. each other s/one another s weak points40. hold a baby; hold your hand up; hold f
46、ive people; hold a passport; hold on a moment41. start to do=start doing=begin to do=begin doing42. fill with; be filled with43. notice sb. do/doingcatch one s notice=catch ones eyetake notice of sth.44. hurry to sp.45. meet sb. at the station; Happy to meet you.46. just now; just asjust then; just
47、the same47. go upstairs(downstairs)48. the police + v.(pl.)49. how to deal with it=what to do with it50. wait for51. fill with; be filled with52. show sb. around(round)53. Could you tell me + (a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)?(a) what s wrong (with you)(b) what s happening(c) what s the matter (with you)(d) wha
48、t s going on(e) what s up (f) who he is (g) who wants the book54. (in order) to do=in order that + 状语从句 =so that + 状语从句55. see sth. with one s own eyes56. hurry uphurry to sp.in a hurryWhat s the hurry ?57. meet sb.see sb. off58. as=when 当 时work as; act as, etc.as a child; as a present as + adj./adv
49、. + as + sb./sth as + adj./adv. + as possible 59. stand around(round) 60. last/yesterday/tomorrow/today/next/this 61. veryratherquite 62. rather colder; rather too hard would rather (not) do=would prefer (not) to do 63. quite better quite right/wrong/impossible/alone quite/rather + v. 64. be in hand
50、cuffs 65. be connected to; be connected with 66. at once=right now=immediately 67. as soon as 68. improve my speaking ability 69. in no time=right now=at once=immediate-ly=soon 70. go down onto the ferry 71. invite sb. to do invite sb. to sp. 72. each of the students give them two each 73. It is get