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1、第二篇句法一、主 要 句 式(一) 知识概要否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种：主语 +不及物动词。如：I arrived at six last night. 主语 +及物动词 +宾语，如：I bought a good EnglishChinese Dictionary yesterday. 主语+及物动词 +间接宾语 +直接宾语， 如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach. 主语 +及物动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语，如：I found it impossib
2、le to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主语 +系动词 +表语，如： Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be句型， 表示存在某种事物，如： There is a map on the wallbe动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后，也要保持be 动词，不要换用 have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.题，即句子的主语与谓语动
3、词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点：用 and 连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而a singer and a dancer 则要译为： 一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如： The news is good (news 为不可数名词)。有量词时应按量词的数量计算；如：This pair of glasses is goodMy glasses are broken. 有些形单却
4、意为复数的名词，如：People are coming here这样的词还有Police， 如果要讲一个警察时，应讲a policeman。 两个警察为two policemen 。 又如a policewoman, two policewomen所有不定代词each，either， neither， one， the other， nobody， nothing， anyone， anything， someone，something 要作为单数如：Someone is waiting for you连词有： and not only but also，neither nor，either
5、or如 : My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。 表示转折关系的并列连词有：but 和 yet， 如：She is a good student, but she didnt pass the final exam. 又如：I think the news is strange, yet it is true表示选择关系的连词有：or， either or，如：Hurry up, or you will be late for school表示因果关系的并列连词有：for， so 如： They studied very hard
6、， so they all passed the exam(名词性从句 )两种，而定语从句 (形容词性从句)要在高中讲述，为了使同学阅读文章方便，我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如：I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如：I knew that he was a good man这时宾语从句的连接词有that, (that 只在从句中起联接作用，不在句中充当语法成分，既不是主语也不是宾语，所以在口语中常常被省略。如：I am sure (that) she has passed the examif, w
7、hether 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用，不起语法作用，当作是否讲。从句中有or not 结构时，要用whether, 如：I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunchI asks him whether he has had his lunch or notwhat 它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外，还要作主语或宾语成份，如：I dont understand what you said(what 作 said 的宾语)。又如：I asked him what made him sick (what 在宾语从句中作主语)。who，它也和 what 一样
8、，在句中除作连接词外，可以充当句中的成份，如：I know who she is looking for? whose 如：I want to know whose book this is? which 如：Do you know which book is mine?4 个常用的连接副词，how 它的应用最广，如：how much, how many, how long, how soon, how old 。如：How much does it cost? when 它只是连接时间状语，如： Please tell me when the meeting will begin? wher
9、e 它连接地点状语， 如： Where are you from? why 它要连接的是原因状语从句，如： The teacher asked why Tom didnt come to school. 与主句时态的呼应问题。主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态，如：I know he didnt come. 我知道他没来。I know he will come tomorrow我知道他明天来。 I know he has gone to London我知道他已去伦敦了。主句中的谓语动词若是过去时，宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如：一般过去时，过去进行时
10、，过去将来时，过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时，不能用现在时态。如：I wanted to know when he would comeThe teacher told me the earth moves around the sunafter， before， when， as，as soon as ， until (till) ， while ， since， byuntil (till) 直到，在用until 表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词，它要用肯定句，如：I studied hard until 12 oclock last ni
11、ght. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词， 则要用否定句， 如： He didnt go to bed until his mother came back由since， for， by， before 来引导的时间状语从句。since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如：I have studied English since 而由by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如：I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term而 before 则多用于完成时，ago 则多用于一般过去时，如：He had finished his work
12、before twelve yesterdayI left my hometown two years ago在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。 它们可能是主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时， 如： If it rains, they wont go to the parkon Sunday也可以主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去进行时，如：He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park考试中常见的考点有：要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句，因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态，如：I want to
13、 know if he will come here tomorrow在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系，如： I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrowbecause， 应译为 因为 。它表达的因果关系最强，如： He didnt pass the exam because he didnt study hardsince 应译为 既然 ，如：Since you were ill yesterdayI left some notes on your deskas 应译为 由于 ，如：As it is too hot wed
14、better go swimmingsince 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比because 弱得多。而for 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首，如：He studies hard, for he wants to go to college在比较状语从句中有同级比较as as， 如： This book is as good as that one要注意的有两点：as as 中间要用原级而不是比较级。用形容词还是副词，如：Mary writes as carefully as Tom而其否定句为not as (so) as，如： They didnt work so hard as we
15、did, 而不同级比较用比较级加than, 如：He is younger than I am要注意的是表示越来越 这一概念时有两个句型：比较级 and比较级，如：The days are getting longer and longerThe little girl is becoming more and more beautiful定冠词the 比较级 the 比较级，如：The harder you study, the more you can learn意的是 as (连词 )与 like ( 介词 )的区别。as 作为连词其后接从句，如：Please do it as I di
16、d it但后面的句子常作省略，如： Please do it as I而 like 是介词，其后要接的是宾语，如： Please do it like meso that， so that， in order that等几种用法。 so thatso 形容词 a 名词 that，如： She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her或用such a 形容词 名词 that, 如： She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用such， 如：It is
17、 such good weather we want to go for a picnic又如：They are such good players that they should win the game.在 much， many， few， little 之前只能用so， 如：I have so little money that I cant buy itso that 之间只有形容词时，则不能用such， 如：It is so good that I want to buyso that 其后接从句，如：I got up earlier so that I could catch t
18、he first bus完形填空与阅读（一）知识概要完形填空是一种在语意封闭的情况下考察学生阅读能力及掌握语言基础知识能力的综合通过逻辑思维，联系上下文，推断出可能的答案。然后再从所给选择答案中逐空选出在通读全文时脑海中已出现的答案填入空内。试推想在小学五六年级时去读西游记 ，水浒传，你也并非每个字都认得，每句话都能真正理解。但你还是可以明了全文的意思，读得有滋有味。这就是语言能力。所以完形填空考查的就是你能否在缺字，不认得字、词语的情况下，能否全面理解文章的正确意思，然后选入适当的词语。在选择后还要前后彼此呼应反复验证所选答案。有时答案一时不易验证，不要急于顺序填写，可能在填出后面答案时，而
19、得到前面的答案。有时则需运用所学的词法、句法、时态和固定搭配等知识对4 个全文以验证：所选答案是否能使全文流畅，逻辑推理是否正确。具体实事是否成立，前后关系是否理顺。语法是否正确，其中包括时态的选择、词汇选择、固定搭配等。在通读全文时最好在可能的条件下将所选答案填入文章中，反复阅读。而不要在文章空中只写选项的代号，这样影响全文的理解，不易找出错误之处。在做完形填空时，应注意以（）重视首句，首段的开篇启示作用，读懂了第一句，或第一段有可能预测到全篇大意。（）一定要顾及上下文间的语意联系。在完形填空的设计中，一般是以语义为第一要素同时兼顾语法。有的4 个选项单独填入这个单句中全是正确的，但拿到文中
20、从下文联系（）要坚持语意第一的原则，而语法应放于第二位。完形填空形式上是一种单项选择式的考察。但实质上也是一种阅读能力和学生重建文意能力的考察。它一般是利用语法的正确性与内容排斥性的矛盾而命题的。所给答案大都是离开上下文均可说得通的。但语意这里肯定需要一个动词，所给答案也都是动词，但只能从意义上考虑而选B（）要认真注意细节，做到语法正确。一些答案在意义上讲都是正确的，但从线索上（）（）（）完形填空所给的词往往是不同类的，这就要求对不同词类作不同考虑。如果所缺的是动词，那么首先在选择语意正确的前提下，考虑动词的时态、语态和是否是要填入非谓语动词。若是介词或副词则要考虑是否固定搭配，以及介词、副词
21、在结构和意义上的选择。若是连词，则应更多地从句子结构和上下文的连接上选择。若是代词，则应考虑性、数、格等方面，以及形容词和副词的比较级和最高级等。从目前完形填空初中阶段的考察看，除语意第一外，更多地选择了单词的用法及意义，动词的时态，短语和惯用法等。为此，要做好完形填空题目，除有较好的阅读能力外，更要读理解能力在教学大纲中有明确的要求。它是目前条件下考查学生英语运用能力的常规题型之一，也是分值最高的题型之一。学生的阅读理解能力如何，标志着学生继续深入学习的潜力有多大，它是集语法，词汇，逻辑推理背景知识于一体的综合语言能力的测试。它除对学生的阅读理解的正确性进中考题分析看，阅读类测试除为一般常规
22、测试题型外，在试题中所占分值较大，为此应引?首先要求考生有足够的基础知识和较好的阅读速度以及技巧方1如上所述，阅读过程是一个综合作用的过程，为此阅读的测试就不能仅将着眼点放在语言会想到：文章说的是什么事情(即中心思想是什么)。事情发生的时间、地点、人物是什么。作者所持态度如何。取，如：时间、数字、地点、人物等。有些信息如作者的态度，事件的结论，中心思想，文章的标题，则需通过文中线索，说明信息等等去分析推断才能获取。而这些说明性及内隐性的信息正是阅读理解的测试重点内容。而其难点在于理解、推断、得出结论时，应从英语国家的风俗习惯、语言习惯、宗教信仰、民族问题等方面来考虑，而不是仅从中国人从上文中看
23、，信息的获得不是直接的，而是必须通过整个文章的阅读，理清人物关系，掌握中心思想，才能作出正确的判定。2阅读理解的测试点是在通过由于阅读所能够获取信息的能力上，所以解题思路的重点应放在：(1) 通读全文，了解文章的主题和大意；了解作(2) 要注重文句间的相互关系。既注重主要情节又不可忽视细节。中考中阅读命题很多情(3) 典型例句1.one +of + 形容词最高级 + 名词复数One of the biggest events in China in 2008 is that the earthquake happened in WenChuan. 2. Its our duty to do s
24、th Its our duty to help them. 3.As.as possible We shoud help them as much as possible. 4.here be . Here are lots of things we can do. 5.We shoud keep calm instead of being afraid. 6.make +sb+ 形容词hard at school. We should learn all kinds of nowledge to make our motherland stronger, better and richer.
25、 健康问题（热点）健康问题是中考常考的话题，出题形式多样，有必要下苦功掌握。典型例句1. It is very important to keep healthy。2. How can we keep healthy? 3. We cant go to sleep too late. We cant get up too late。4. We should eat the food healthily。5. We should do more exercise。6. Last Tuesday I got a cold and had a pain in my head。7. I didnt f
26、eel like eating anything。8. I decided to see the doctor。9. In the doctors office, the doctor looks over me carefully。10. He said :Nothing serious. And he told me to take a rest and drink more water 。11. A nurse gave me an injection. It was a little painful。12. The doctor asked me to take the medicin
27、e three times a day。13. A few days later, I felt better. From then on I believe that keeping healthy is the most important thing in the world。关于环境保护问题（热点）环境保护问题是中考热门话题，出现频率高，难度较大，必须掌握。典型句子1. It s our duty to save wate 2. As we know , water is very important to man, 3.we cant live without water. 4.Th
28、e amount of water which is suitable to drink is less and less. 5.But some people dont care about it . 6.Many rivers and lakes are seriously polluted. Something must be done to stop the pollution. 7. Its our duty to protect our environment。8. It is very important to take care of our environment 9. We
29、 should not throw litter onto the ground 10. We should not spit in a public place/ cut down the trees 11. We should plant more flowers and trees。12. We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin 13. If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much m
30、ore beautiful。15.Trees are very helpful and important for us. 17.We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future. t s everyones duty to love and protect the environment. So I hope all the students in our class stop to use the plastic bags, and use our own c
31、loth bags. I hope we can take care of our environment. Lets make our world more and more beautiful.语言学习（热点）这是中考中的老话题，近几年常考，形式多样。典型例句1. My favorite subject is English。2. More than three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English。3. It is used by travelers and business people all over t
32、he world。4. China has joined the WTO and the Olympic Games will be held in China. English becomes more and more useful。5. So English is very important and I like English very much。6. We have a lot of fun in the English class。7. Our English teacher often makes us happy in the English class。8. I hope
33、I can go abroad one day, and then I can speak to foreigners in English。9. I like English and try my best to learn it。写人记事篇这是中考出项频率最高的话题，其特点是难度相对较小，学生都有话可写，但掌握一些基本句子和模仿范文对夺取高分非常必要。典型例句1. His name is Jack。2. He was born in London in 1982。3. He is 1.68 meters tall and weighs 52 kilos。4. He is 20 years
34、old。5. He comes from England。6. He is a good ping-pong player。7. He is medium build。8. He has short hair。9. He is outgoing. Every one likes to talk with him. He gets on well with us。10. He teaches English very well。11. He works very hard. He works in No.5 Middle School。12. He loves watching football
35、 games after work。13. He often helps me with my English。14. At the age of six, he began to play table tennis。旅游和介绍地方篇（热点）中考高频率话题，出题形式灵活。典型例句1. Last Sunday(Saturday, ) ,it was sunny(rainy, windy, foggy,)2. I got up very early (late). After breakfast I went to with my friends by bike, bus，3. We enjoye
36、d ourselves。4. We forgot the time. We didnt come back until 5 oclock。5. We all felt very tired, but we were happy。6. I thought I would never forget this trip。7. Last summer, my parents and I went to Beijing for our holidays。8. We visited a lot of places of interest。9. We had a good time there。10. We
37、 bought a lot of things. The clothes here are good and cheap。新生事物评价（热点）这是中考热点，这类文章的特点是写作难度大，因此需要学生掌握方法，和基本句式，以做到考试时心中不乱。典型例句1.Computer is becoming more and more important 2.we should make good use of it. 3.It maybe get in the way of our study. 4.We can do lots of things with it5. It makes our life m
38、ore easy 6.Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students. 初中英语57 个中考必备句型1 as soon as 2 as as3 as as possible4 ask sb. for sth. 5 ask/tell sb. (how) to do sth. 6 ask/tell sb. (not) to do sth. 7 be afraid of doing/that 8 be busy doing sth. 9 be famous/late/
39、ready/sorry for10 be glad that 11 buy/give/show/bring/lend/send/pass/tell sth. to sb.12 buy/give/show/bring/lend/send/pass/tell sb. sth. 13 either or14 enjoy/hate/like/finish/stop/mind/keep/go on doing sth. 15 find it + adj to do sth. 16 get + 比较级17 get ready for/get sth. ready 18 had better (not) d
40、o sth. 19 help sb. (to) do/help sb.with 20 I don t think that 21 I would like to /Would you like to?22 is one of the + 最高级+ n(pl.)23 It is +adj. for sb. to do sth. 24 It is a good idea to do sth. 25 It is the second + 最高级+n. 26 It looks like /It sounds like 27 It seems to sb. that28 It sounds +adj.
41、/It looks +adj. 29 It takes sb some time. to do sth. 30 It s bad/good for31 It s time for /to do sth. 32 It s two meters (years) long (high, old).33 keep sb. doing 34 keep/make sth. +adj. 35 like to do / like doing 36 make / let sb.(not) do sth. 37 neither nor38 not at all39 not until40 One the othe
42、r /Some others41 prefer to42 see/hear sb. do(doing) sth. 43 so that44 spend on /(in) doing sth.45 stop to do /stop doing 46 such a +adj. +n. that47 take/bring sth with sb. 48 thank sb for sth. 49 The more the better50 There is sth. wrong with51 too to52 used to 53 What about /How about?54 What s the matter with?55 What s wrong?56 Why not?57 Will (would, could) you please?