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1、2020/7/30王道考研/1本节内容王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM双口RAM&多模块存储器1王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM存取周期存取周期注:DRAM芯片的恢复时间比较长,有可能是存取时间的几倍(SRAM的恢复时间较短)如:存取时间为 r,存取周期为 T,T=4rCPU的读写速度比主存快很多,主存恢复时间太长怎么办?多核CPU都要访存,怎么办?存取周期:可以连续读/写的最短时间间隔2公众号:考研拼课 配套课程请关注2020/7/30王道考研/2王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM知识总览知识总览3王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM双端口双端口RAM两个端口对同一主存操作有以下4种情况:
2、1. 两个端口同时对不同的地址单元存取数据。2. 两个端口同时对同一地址单元读出数据。3. 两个端口同时对同一地址单元写入数据。4. 两个端口同时对同一地址单元,一个写入数据,另一个读出数据。JJL写入错误L读出错误解决方法:置“忙”信号为0,由判断逻辑决定暂时关闭一个端口(即被延时),未被关闭的端口正常访问,被关闭的端口延长一个很短的时间段后再访问。需要有两组完全独立的数据线、地址线、控制线。CPU、RAM中也要有更复杂的控制电路作用:优化多核CPU访问一根内存条的速度对比操作系统“读者-写者问题”4公众号:考研拼课 配套课程请关注2020/7/30王道考研/3王道考研/CSKAOYAN.C
3、OM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:00000000010001000011001000000000001000100001100100001010011000111010000100101010010110110001101011100111110000100011001010011101001010110110101111100011001110101101111100111011111011111每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r000000010001000011001000010100110001110000001
4、001010100101101100011010111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001110111110111111100000存储体tM3M2M1M0T可理解为“四根内存条”5王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:00000000010001000011001000000000001000100001100100001010011000111010000100101010010110110001101
5、011100111110000100011001010011101001010110110101111100011001110101101111100111011111011111每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r000000010001000011001000010100110001110000001001010100101101100011010111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001110111110111111100001存储体tM3M2M1M0TT可理解为“四
6、根内存条”6公众号:考研拼课 配套课程请关注2020/7/30王道考研/4王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:00000000010001000011001000000000001000100001100100001010011000111010000100101010010110110001101011100111110000100011001010011101001010110110101111100011001110101101111100111011111011111000000010001000011
7、001000010100110001110000001001010100101101100011010111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001110111110111111100010存储体tM3M2M1M0TTT每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r可理解为“四根内存条”7王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:00000000010001000011001000000000001000100
8、001100100001010011000111010000100101010010110110001101011100111110000100011001010011101001010110110101111100011001110101101111100111011111011111000000010001000011001000010100110001110000001001010100101101100011010111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001110111110111
9、111100011存储体tM3M2M1M0TTTT每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r可理解为“四根内存条”8公众号:考研拼课 配套课程请关注2020/7/30王道考研/5王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:000000000100010000110010000000000010001000011001000010100110001110100001001010100101101100011010111001111100001000110010100111010010101101101011111
10、00011001110101101111100111011111011111000000010001000011001000010100110001110000001001010100101101100011010111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001110111110111111100100存储体tM3M2M1M0TTTTT耗时5T连续取n个存储字 耗时nT存储体tM3M2M1M0每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r可理解为“四根内存条”9王道考研/CSKAOYAN.
11、COM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:00000000010001000011001000000000001000100001100100001010011000111010000100101010010110110001101011100111110000100011001010011101001010110110101111100011001110101101111100111011111011111000000010001000011001000010100110001110000001001010100101101100011010
12、111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001110111110111111100000存储体tM3M2M1M0TTTTT耗时5T连续取n个存储字 耗时nT存储体tM3M2M1M0每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r可理解为“四根内存条”10公众号:考研拼课 配套课程请关注2020/7/30王道考研/6王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:00000000010001000011001000000
13、000001000100001100100001010011000111010000100101010010110110001101011100111110000100011001010011101001010110110101111100011001110101101111100111011111011111000000010001000011001000010100110001110000001001010100101101100011010111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001
14、110111110111111101000存储体tM3M2M1M0TTTTT耗时5T连续取n个存储字 耗时nT存储体tM3M2M1M0每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r可理解为“四根内存条”11王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:000000000100010000110010000000000010001000011001000010100110001110100001001010100101101100011010111001111100001000110010100111010010101
15、10110101111100011001110101101111100111011111011111000000010001000011001000010100110001110000001001010100101101100011010111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001110111110111111110000存储体tM3M2M1M0TTTTT耗时5T连续取n个存储字 耗时nT存储体tM3M2M1M0每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r可理解为“四根内存条”12公
16、众号:考研拼课 配套课程请关注2020/7/30王道考研/7王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:000000000100010000110010000000000010001000011001000010100110001110100001001010100101101100011010111001111100001000110010100111010010101101101011111000110011101011011111001110111110111110000000100010000110010000
17、10100110001110000001001010100101101100011010111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001110111110111111111000存储体tM3M2M1M0TTTTT耗时5T连续取n个存储字 耗时nT存储体tM3M2M1M0T每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r可理解为“四根内存条”13王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:000000000100010
18、000110010000000000010001000011001000010100110001110100001001010100101101100011010111001111100001000110010100111010010101101101011111000110011101011011111001110111110111110000000100010000110010000101001100011100000010010101001011011000110101110011110100010001100101001110100101011011010111100001100111
19、01011011111001110111110111111111000存储体tM3M2M1M0TTTTT耗时5T连续取n个存储字 耗时nT存储体tM3M2M1M0T每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r可理解为“四根内存条”14公众号:考研拼课 配套课程请关注2020/7/30王道考研/8王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM多体并行存储器多体并行存储器高位交叉编址的多体存储器低位交叉编址的多体存储器连续访问:00000000010001000011001000000000001000100001100100001010011000111010000100101010010110110
20、001101011100111110000100011001010011101001010110110101111100011001110101101111100111011111011111000000010001000011001000010100110001110000001001010100101101100011010111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001110111110111111100001存储体tM3M2M1M0TTTTT耗时5T连续取n个存储字 耗时nT存储体tM
21、3M2M1M0Trrrrr耗时T+4r连续取n个存储字 耗时T+(n-1)r每个存储体存取周期为T存取时间为r,假设 T=4r宏观上读写一个字的时间接近 r思考:为什么要探讨“连续访问”的情况?可理解为“四根内存条”15王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM应该取几个“体”?应该取几个“体”?低位交叉编址的多体存储器采用“流水线”的方式并行存取(宏观上并行,微观上串行)宏观上,一个存储周期内,m体交叉存储器可以提供的数据量为单个模块的m倍。存取周期为T,存取时间为r,为了使流水线不间断,应保证模块数 mT/r存取周期为T,总线传输周期为r,为了使流水线不间断,应保证模块数 mT/r00000001
22、0001000011001000010100110001110000001001010100101101100011010111001111010001000110010100111010010101101101011110000110011101011011111001110111110111111100001存储体tM3M2M1M0Trrrrr耗时T+4r连续取n个存储字 耗时T+(n-1)r存储体tM2M1M0TrrmT/rr存储体tM4M3M2M1M0Trrrr两种常见描述CPU需等待rM0闲置r完美衔接思考:给定一个地址 x,如何确定它属于第几个存储体?16公众号:考研拼课 配套课程
23、请关注2020/7/30王道考研/9王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM多模块存储器多模块存储器.单体多字存储器每个存储单元存储m个字总线宽度也为m个字一次并行读出m个字每次只能同时取m个字,不能单独取其中某个字L指令和数据在主存内必须是连续存放的多体并行存储器每个模块都有相同的容量和存取速度。各模块都有独立的读写控制电路、地址寄存器和数据寄存器。它们既能并行工作,又能交叉工作。17王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM本节回顾本节回顾18公众号:考研拼课 配套课程请关注2020/7/30王道考研/10王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM同学,你学计算机的?那同学,你学计算机的?那如何插入内存条,实现高位交叉的多体存储器(相当于单纯的扩容)?如何插入内存条,实现低位交叉的多体存储器(俗称“双通道”)?Tips:买内存条时,可挑选相同主频、相同容量的两根来组成双通道19王道考研/CSKAOYAN.COM同学,你学计算机的?那同学,你学计算机的?那20公众号:考研拼课 配套课程请关注