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1、引导定语从句的关系代词who引导定语从句的关系代词who,which有时可与that互换使用。但在下面情况,一般只用that。一、当先行词为不定代词anything,everything,nothing,any,little,one,few,much,all,none等时。如:a.ThereisntmuchthatIcando.b.Heisoneofthefewthatcanworkitoutinfiveminutes.二、当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。如:a.ThebookisthebestthatIhaveread.b.Thisisthebiggestlaboratoryt
2、hatwehaveeverbuiltinouruniversity.三、当先行词是序数词或其被序数词修饰时。如:a.ItisthethirdonethatIvebought.b.ThisisthefirstplacethatIveevervisited.四、当先行词被thevery,theonly等词修饰时。如:a.Isthistheverymuseumthatyouvisitedtheotherday?b.ThisistheonlybookthatIneedatpresent.五、当先行词包含了人和事物两方面的含义时。如:Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthatthe
3、yrememberedintheschool.六、当先行词被same修饰,且指“同一物品时。如:Sheiswearingthesamedressthatsheworeyesterday.七、关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。如:a.Thisisnolongertheplacethatitusedtobe.b.Heisnotthemanthathewas.八、当主句是以who,which开始的特殊疑问句或先行词是who时。如:a.Whichisthebookthatheboughtyesterday?b.Whothatyouhaveeverseencanbeathimin定语从句是由关系代词和关系副
4、词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名次性成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。一、限定性定语从句1.that即可代表事物可以代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,假如which在从句中作“不及物动词介词的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置2.which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3.代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all
5、,anything,much等,这时的that常被省略4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它能够作动词的宾语可以以作介词的宾语5.where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句6.when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是,表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedtherefortwoweeks.IstillrememberthefirsttimeImether.Eachtimehegoestobesi
6、nesstrip,hebringsalotoflivingnecessities,suchastowers,soap,toothbrushetc.7.whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格8当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时,常用thereis来引导二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步讲明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来讲明前面整个句子的情况或主
7、句的某一部分2.在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于inwhich,atwhich,forwhich或atwhichAttitudestowardsdaydreamingarechanginginmuchthesamewaythat(inwhich)attitudestowardsnightdreaminghavechanged.人们对白天做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常类似之处Ilikethemusicfortheveryreasonthat(forwhich)hedislikeit.我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反Wearrivedthedayth
8、at(onwhich)theyleft.恰好我们到的那天他们走了。3有时as可以用作关系代词4在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who,whom代表人,用which代表事物.一.定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有where,when,why等关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人,在从句
9、中做主语TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus注意:关系代词whom在白话和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略Thenumberofthepeoplethat/w
10、hocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.5.whose通常指人,可以指物,在定语从句中做定语Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous注意:1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)2)Thisi
11、sthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whoseThemanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)Themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.(F)3.“介词+关系代词前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.四
12、关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane意:关系副词引导的从句能够由“介词+关系代词引导的从句替换Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtosc
13、hoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup限制性定语从句举例TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.非限制性定语从句举例:Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.区分定语从句和同位语从句1定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句讲明先行词的详细内容,是补充讲明的关系1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位于从句2定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时能够省略;同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子可以以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,充当成分Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定语3.同位语从句和先行词一般能够用be动词发展成一个完好的句子,而定语从句不能够Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.同位语