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1、专题一 名词易错清单1. information,message,news(1) information作“信息解,通常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中特别关注的消息、情报、资料等。它侧重内容,是不可数名词。如:They must find out some information about planes to Kunming as quickly as possible.他们必须尽快查到有关飞往昆明班机的信息。(2)news作“新闻解,一般指通过播送、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向群众发布的社会各方面的最新消息,它侧重一个“新字,是不可数名词。如:Theres a piece of interes
2、ting news in todays newspaper. 在今天的报纸上有一条有趣的消息。No news is good news.没消息就是好消息。(3)message作“音信解,一般指口头传递的或书写的“消息,是可数名词。如:She often sends messages to me with her mobile phone.她经常给我发 短信。2. noise,voice,sound(1) sound “声音,为最常用词,指可以听到的任何声音,强的,弱的,令人愉快的或不愉快的,有意义的或无意义的。如:I was reading last night,when suddenly I
3、 heard a sound in the next room.昨晚我正看书时,突然听到隔壁房间有声音。(2) noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音,“嘈杂声、喧闹声。如:The boys made too much noise.孩子们太吵闹了。(3) voice 指“说话声“唱歌声“嗓音如:That sounds like Marys voice. 那声音听起来好似玛丽的声音。3. family,house,home,room(1) family 的意思是“家庭、家庭成员,与居住的房子无关。 当family作为整体概念的“家庭讲时是单数;当“家庭成员讲时是复数。如:Mr Greens f
4、amily is very large. 格林先生家里的人很多。(2)house 指“家时含义较窄,仅指“房屋这一建筑物,一般指独门独户的房子,不指楼房。如:There are many new houses in our village.我们村里有很多新房子。(3)home 指“家、住所,指一个人(或一家人)居住的地方,也可指一个人出生或长大的地方(乡村、城市或国家等)。 它具有house所没有的感情色彩(如“团聚、“思念等)。如:The American friends are leaving Beijing for home tomorrow. 明天美国朋友要离开北京回国了。East o
5、r west,home is best. 金窝银窝不如自己的草窝。(4)room除作可数名词用表示“房间外,还可用作不可数名词,指“空间;地方;余地。例如:There is only standing room in the bus.公共汽车上只有站的地方了。4. place,room,area,space(1) place 表示一个具体地点。如:We will meet up at the place where we met last Friday.我们在上周五见面的地方见面。(2)room当表示地方的时候呢,通常在这样的情况下用,表示容得下容不下的意思。如:There is no roo
6、m for her.这没她的地方。(3)area表示一片区域。如:Tibet area藏区(4)space表示地方的时候通常表实意。We could put bags at that space.我们可以把包放在那个空地。5. problem,questionquestion 是需要“解答的问题,question 往往是“疑问。problem 是需要“解决的问题。problem 所指的问题,往往是“老难的问题。这两个词在实际使用中,一般不能相互替代。如:Please answer the following questions.请答复以下问题。problem指说话者认为难以解决的问题,它与动词
7、solve或settle(解决)搭配。而question指说话者需要寻找答案的问题,它常与动词ask或answer连用。试比拟:The problem is difficult to be solved.这个问题很难解决。May I ask you some questions?我可以问你一些问题吗?problem可用于数学或物理的习题,而question却无此义。question可表示一件“与有关的事。试比拟:Can you work out this maths problem?你能算出这道数学题吗?Its a question of money/time.这是一个与金钱/时间有关的问题。
8、6. suggestion, advicesuggestion是可数名词,表示“意见,建议,提议,特指为了改良或解决某一问题而提出建议,方法等,但不一定正确,仅供参考。在这一含义上,它和opinion同义,但比opinion正式。语气比advice客气、委婉。多用作可数名词,常和介词about,as to,at,on,by,with等搭配。如:This trip was made at his teachers suggestion. 这次旅行是由他的老师建议组织的。By her mothers suggestion the contribution was raised. 根据她妈妈的建议发
9、起了募捐。表示“一条建议用a suggestion,“一些建议是some suggestions,“许多建议是many suggestions。与suggestion经常连用的词组和短语常见的有:accept a suggestion put forward by.接受提出的建议;adopt a suggestion采纳建议;advance the suggestion that提出的建议;carry a suggestion of.使人想起给人以的联想;follow out suggestion贯彻建议;take the suggestion into consideration考虑这个建议
10、;throw away a suggestion抛弃一项建议;volunteer suggestions on.对主动提出建议;at(on)sb.s suggestion按照某人的建议;at(on)the suggestion of.在的建议下,按照的建议;by sb.s suggestion根据某人的建议;be full of suggestions充满了暗示,含义深远;act on sb.s suggestion按照某人的建议行事。I have some suggestions to submit.我有几个建议要提出。advice表示“忠告,意见,指点,是指具有丰富的知识,足够的经验,正确
11、的判断力和明智的观点的人对另一个人的“劝告或“见解,既可以是对于严肃的事物,也可以对琐碎事情提出意见。advice经常带有客观性质,在实际应用中,但凡与自己没有关系,完全是为了对方而提出的意见或建议都可用advice,advice是不可数名词表示“一条建议是a piece of advice,“一些建议是some advice:On the doctors advice her mother is staying in bed.她的妈妈遵医嘱卧床休息。You must act with advice at present. 目前,你一定要谨慎行事。advice常和介词against,at,by
12、,for,of,on,to,about,with等搭配。如:My advice to you is that you should treat your wife with more consideration.我给你的忠告是你要多体贴妻子。It was only by my advice that she had given up the idea.在我的劝导下她才放弃了这个念头。7. influence,effectinfluence 表示“影响,主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响。通常不可数名词,但有时可连用不定冠词。如:What you read influences
13、 your thinking. 你读的东西对你的思想有影响。Television has a strong influence on people. 电视对人有很大的影响。influence可用作及物动词。如:Its clear that her painting has been influenced by Picasso. 她的画显然受了毕加索的影响。effect可用作可数或不可数名词。用作可数名词时,常与介词on连用。have an effect on 相当于affect。如:To affect a policy is to have an effect on it. 影响一项政策就是对
14、该政策具有一种影响。The news had no effect on her at all.=The news did not affect her at all. 这条消息对她没有一点影响。effect 有时虽用作动词(及物),但不表示“影响,而表示“实现或“产生等。如:He effected great changes in the company. 他使公司发生了巨大的变化。提分策略一、 答题时,首先要注意句子中名词是单数还是复数形式,是可数名词还是不可数名词,并要搞清楚所给选项中的名词概念上的区别。【例1】(2022湖北鄂州33)Its convenient to travel fr
15、om Ezhou to Wuhan by taking the newly-built green railway.Yes. Its said that is enough.A. fifteen minutes driveB. fifteen-minutes driveC. fifteen minutes driveD. fifteen minutes drive【解析】考查名词所有格的用法。“15分钟行程是“数词+复数名词+名词结构,数词之后的名词要用复数形式,所有格在名词词尾加一撇s。应选D。【答案】D【例2】(2022 山东泰安 25)I hear you have to get up
16、early every morning.Right. Its one of the of my family.A. plansB. jobsC. programsD. rules【解析】考查可数名词词义辨析。根据句意判断,每天早起是家规之一,不是方案,工作或节目之一。应选D。【答案】D【例3】(2022四川南充 22)There are some on the floor.A. milkB. childC. boxes【解析】考查名词在语境中的辨析。there are 后应接可数名词复数,milk 是不可数名词,应排除;child 是可数名词单数,也应排除。故应选C。【答案】C【例4】(202
17、2黑龙江绥化6)I saw some and dancing in the street the day before yesterday.A. Germen;EnglishmenB. Germans;EnglishmansC. Germans;Englishmen【解析】考查名词复数的用法。some修饰可数名词时,名词要用复数形式:德国人:Germans;英国人:Englishmen。应选C。句意:前天我看到一些德国人和英国人在街上跳舞。【答案】C二、 复习名词时,要把名词放在真实的语境中练习,注重词义的辨析和一词多义。1. 语境辨析很多单项选择填空题是通过创造某种语言环境,把词法、句法、惯
18、用法、交际用语、词语辨析等各种内容融入其中。答题时,一定要根据语境捕捉题干信息,全面领会句子的真正含义,然后对各个选项进行比拟筛选,最终确定最正确答案。【例1】(2022湖北鄂州27)Do you come to South Korea for the of seeing your family or doing business?I come here on business.A. interestB. benefitC. purposeD. thought【解析】考查名词词义辨析。“for the purpose of(有的目的)是固定搭配。应选C。句意:你来韩国的目的是看望你的家人还是做
19、生意?我来这里做生意。【答案】C【例2】(2022山东东营19)Excuse me,havent you learned the new law? Everyone in a car must wear the seat belt.Sorry,we wont do that again.A. foodB. trafficC. medicineD. education【解析】考查名词在语境中的辨析。由根据后一句在车里的每个人必须系平安带,可推测句意“打搅了,难道你没有学习新的交通法规吗?【答案】B2. 词意辨析做此类单项填空题要认真比拟,仔细推敲,关键在于准确把握词意。【例1】(2022浙江温州
20、2)There are some in Dayton Art Museum. For example,no food or drinks is allowed inside.A. jobsB. recordsC. rulesD. paintings【解析】考查名词词义辨析。jobs工作;records 记录;rules规矩,规定;paintings油画。由“no food or drinks is allowed inside判断,艺术博物馆里不许吃喝是规矩,规定,不是工作,录音或油画。应选C。【答案】C【例2】(2022湖北黄冈31)Someone called you just now.I
21、 know. But I was busy at that moment. When I called back,there was no .A. voiceB. soundC. answerD. result【解析】考查名词在语境中的辨析。句意:刚刚有人给你打 。我知道。但是当时我正忙着。当我回拨的时候,没人接了。选C,answer答复,在此意为接 。其他的voice说话声;sound声音;result结果,都不符合题意。应选C。【答案】C【例3】(2022四川凉山22)Where is Thomas?He left a .A. informationB. messageC. news【解析
22、】考查名词单复数。冠词a提示空格处用可数名词。三个答案中只有message是可数名词。【答案】B专项训练1. (2022 南京玄武 5)More than 36 million Chinese children are receiving piano training,but quite a few have little in the piano and some even hate it.A. interestB. surpriseC. attentionD. success2. (2022南京高淳)It is better to travel 10,000 miles than to r
23、ead 10,000 books,so its important to have real with languages,cultures and societies.A. communicationB. experienceC. knowledgeD. influence3. (2022浙江嘉兴17)It is an English to have afternoon tea.A. menuB. drinkC. festival D. tradition4. (2022北京)I didnt know last year.A. where he livesB. where does he l
24、iveC. where he livedD. where did he live5. (2022浙江杭州)Some people ride bikes to work instead of driving in order to protect the environment and reduce pollution.A. waterB. air C. soilD. white6. (2022广东广州)My English teacher visited Canada last summer.Which city did he visit?A. Paris.B. Washington.C. L
25、ondon.D. Toronto.7. (2022安徽) is a program to help with childrens education in poor areas.A. Project HopeB. World Wide Fund for NatureC. Friends of the EarthD. China Greener8. (2022河北)The farmer keeps lots of on his farm.A. sheep B. chickenC. gooseD. pandas9. (2022江苏南京)The 4th Chinas Got Talent(中国达人秀
26、) gives the child a chance to show his special .A. abilityB. behaviorC. educationD. background10. (2022湖北武汉)Recently,one after another terrible traffic accident has happened in China.Yes,the terrible on TV made us greatly shocked.A. scenes B. sights C. sceneryD. views参考答案与解析1. A解析:考查名词在语境中的辨析。“have
27、little interest in(几乎没有兴趣)是固定搭配。应选A。2. B解析:考查名词在语境中的辨析。communication交流;experience 经历;knowledge知识;influence影响。根据句意判断,在某方面有真正经历是重要的。“have real experience with sth.(在某方面有真正经历)固定搭配。应选B。3. D解析:考查名词辨析。根据句意可知,“喝下午茶是英国的传统,不是菜单、饮料或节日,所以排除A、B、C三项。应选D。4. C5. B解析:考查名词辨析。由题意可知:骑自行车代替开车去上班是为了减少空气污染,应选B。6. D解析:考查名词辨析,结合地理知识可知,只有Toronto属于Canada。7. A解析:考查词意辨析。结合时政常识,根据题意,帮助贫穷地区儿童的教育,是希望工程。8. A解析:考查名词的复数。sheep的复数形式和单数形式一样。9. A解析:考查名词的辨析。句意:第四届中国达人秀给孩子们提供了展示自己特殊才能的时机。10. A