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1、专题十七 选择型阅读知识清单一、 考点分析1. 细节理解题这种题目比拟简单,只要阅读全文,了解文中所表达的重要事实或细节就可以解答出来,有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。此类题目的出题形式很多,例如:(1)Which of the following statements is true?(2)Which of the following is (not) mentioned?(3)How many/How much/Where/How/What.?要快速识别和记忆事实或细节,就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法。查阅是考生在对材料有所了解的情况下进行的,它的特点是带着问题去寻找答案。2. 猜想词
2、意题在阅读中,我们经常会遇到一些生词,需要根据上下文猜想它们的意思。此类问题考查学生紧扣原文,根据上下文语境判断单词、词语或短句意义的能力。常见的题型有:直接对生词进行解释;对多义词或短语在文章具体语言环境中的意义做出准确判断;对英语中的一些格言或谚语进行解释;对文中一些代词的指代对象做出界定等。这种题型常见的设题方式如下:(1)The underlined word (phrase) in the passage means . (2)The word “it/them in the first paragraph refers to . (3)The underlined sentence
3、 in the last paragraph means . (4)What does the underlined word“.refer to . 在做此类题时,考生应紧扣原文,根据上下文语境进行判断,切不要望文生义或断章取义,也不能只选择自己熟悉的意思。3. 推理判断题推理判断题属于深层阅读理解题。它要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实,在通篇理解文章的根底上,严格按照作者提供的信息推断出作者的言外之意。这种题型常见的设题方式有:(1)From the text, it can be inferred that . (2)The passage suggests that . (3)Whi
4、ch of the following best describes . (4)The writers attitude towards.is . (5)From the text, we learn that . 这种题目有一定难度,解答时必须根据上下文及相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等文外之意加以推理。4. 主旨归纳题这种题型要求学生在理解全文的根底上,对文章进行归纳、概括或评价。解这种题目时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,如涉及文章的标题 (title)、主题 (main idea)、结论 (conclusion)、结局 (en
5、d)等有关问题,都需要在细读全文的根底上,结合所学语言知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断,从而获取文章中的内在信息。常见的设题方式有:(1)The general idea of the passage is about . (2)The main idea of the article is . (3)The main purpose of this selection is . (4)The passage suggests that . (5)Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?二、解题步骤做阅读理解时,可遵循
6、三部曲的原那么,即:快速阅读短文;认真逐题作答;复查校对答案。第一步,快速阅读短文。先读题,明确题目要求,弄清考点,然后带着问题去读文章,这种方法在英语中称为scanning,就是寻读。快速阅读一遍弄清段落大意,对全文有一个整体了解,掌握中心意思,注意哪些用以说明中心意思的主要事实和细节,抓住关键词,弄清作者写此篇文章的目的及意图。如遇到生词,应先跳过,继续通读全文,切忌长时间死扣生词,因为有些生词并不影响对全文的理解,还有一些词可以通过上下文推测含义。第二步,认真逐题作答。看完短文后,对整篇短文的内容有了大致的了解,然后马上看后面的问题,带着问题去找答案。如果属于客观信息题,就可直接在短文中
7、找到出处。如果是主观判断题,那么应迅速再读全文,仔细分析思考,将近似的答案对照原文反复比拟,推敲,选出最正确答案。第三步,仔细校对所选答案。做完所有题目后,再读一遍短文,逐一检查所有答案是否有误。如果有拿不定主意的答案,不要随意更改。一定要从原文中找到依据。提分策略1. 如果文长题少,那么以略读的方式先读一遍,而后带着问题去查阅,求得要找的答案。2. 如果文短题多,那么应先仔细阅读该短文,再去做题。遇到某个题答不来时,可带着该问题去查阅有关细节。3. 如果问的是一段文章的中心思想,那么应重点读段首句和段尾句,看是否有主题句。有时主题句可能位于段中,也有的段落无明显的主题句,那就要自己分析、归纳
8、中心思想。4. 如果问题要求解答数字、人名、地名、时间等,那么可直接用查阅的方法来寻求答案,也可先略读而后查阅。5. 如果文章中提到的事实多、涉及面广,可采取抓关键词的方法,记住文章中所谈及的各个方面,从而判断选取答问题。6. 有时遇到看不懂的难句,读了几遍仍然不懂,可做记号,暂时放下,留待以后有时间再来考虑。 总而言之,掌握一定的阅读技巧和方法固然重要,但要想在阅读理解这一重要知识板块取得高分,还必须经过坚持不懈的努力。阅读理解需要扎实的语言根底以及熟练的语言能力,而扎实的语言根底来自平时严格的根本功训练,熟练的语言能力来自长期的知识积累以及运用。只要平时刻苦努力,打下扎实的英语根底知识,再
9、加上科学的解题方法,阅读理解不失分就不再是一个遥不可及的梦想了。 【例1】(2022山东枣庄)Zhalong is a nature reserve in Heilongjiang in northeast China. It is one of the worlds most important wetlands. The area provides food and shelter for wildlife. It is an ideal home for different kinds of plants, fish and birds. Many birds live comforta
10、bly in Zhalong Nature Reserve all year round, while some only stay for a short time. There are many fish in the wetlands, and the birds can easily catch them for food. Zhalong Nature Reserve is an important living area for the rare red-crowned cranes. There are not many red-crowned cranes in the wor
11、ld. Some of them live in Zhalong. Some people want to change the wetlands to make more space for farms and buildings. This means that there will be less and less space for wildlife. More and more birds are in danger because they do not have enough living space. Many of them died. The Chinese governm
12、ent wants to protect these endangered birds, and they can be safe in Zhalong. Every year a lot of tourists go to Zhalong to watch birds. This year members of our Bird Watching Club are going to study the different kinds of birds in Zhalong and the changes in their numbers. The study begins next mont
13、h. We do a bird count once a year. We are now inviting secondary school students to help. We need more people to help us count and do something to help the birds. Many people do not understand the importance of the wetlands. We hope this information will help them understand and make them actively t
14、ake action to protect wildlife. 1. What is the best title of the passage?A. Less and Less Space for WildlifeB. Many Tourists Watch birds in Zhalong YearlyC. Zhalong is a Famous Scenic SpotD. Zhalong: A Special Place2. The shelter in the first paragraph means .A. a place to live or stayB. a large zoo
15、C. a place to hunt animalsD. a large park3. Which of the following sentences is false?A. There are a lot of red-crowned cranes in other parts of the world.B. Some birds go to Zhalong for a short stay.C. Zhalong nature reserve is the comfortable home of many birds.D. Birds can find food without diffi
16、culty in Zhalong. 4. Why are more and more birds endangered? Because .A. many tourists watch themB. many of the birds diedC. people have less and less placeD. their living place is less and less5. This passage is written to .A. ask people to do something for birdsB. help people learn about protectin
17、g wildlifeC. make people understand how important the wetlands areD. ask students all over the world to watch birds【主旨大意】文章通过对黑龙江扎龙自然保护区的介绍,帮助我们更好地了解保护野生动物的一些知识。1. D解析:标题选择题。通读全文可知,文章主要介绍了黑龙江扎龙自然保护区的情况,它是世界上最重要的湿地之一。因此,最正确标题为Zhalong: A Special Place。应选D。2. A解析:细节理解题。由第一段中的“The area provides food and
18、 shelter for wildlife. It is an ideal home for different kinds of plants, fish and birds.可以判断,shelter的意思是“庇护所,相当于a place to live or stay。3. A解析:细节理解题。由第二段中的“There are not many red-crowned cranes in the world. Some of them live in Zhalong.可知,世界上其他地区的丹顶鹤不多,因此,A项的表述是错误的。4. D解析:细节理解题。 由第四段中的“More and mo
19、re birds are in danger because they do not have enough living space.可知,越来越多的鸟濒临灭绝是因为它们的居住环境越来越少了。5. B 解析:主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章主要帮助我们了解保护野生动物的一些知识,应选B。【例2】(2022贵州铜仁)In the year 2050, there will be different kinds of materials for clothes. Special materials will keep the clothes clean for ever. They will ne
20、ver get dirty or wear out. We will have less work because we wont have to wash them. So we can save water and money. And children wont worry about what to wear to school every day. They wont go to school. Theyll stay at home in front of their computers to study. They can wear their favorite “Saturda
21、y clothes every day. It will be fun. Do you think so? What do you think school clothes and school life will be like in 2050?1. Maybe we wash clothes in the year 2050.A. didntB. needntC. mustntD. wont be allowed to2. Why wont the children go to school?A. because theyll play at home.B. because they ha
22、te to go to school.C. because theyll study on the Internet.D. because theyll wash clothes to make money. 3. Will the clothes get dirty in the year 2050?A. No, it wont.B. Yes, they will.C. Yes, it will.D. No, they wont. 4. In the year 2050, the clothes will not for ever.A. wear out or get dirtyB. wea
23、r wellC. be thinner and thinnerD. be fantastic5. From the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. There will be different kinds of materials for clothes.B. The children can wear their favorite clothes.C. The children always worry about what to wear.D. The children can study at home in front o
24、f their computers. 【主旨大意】 这是一篇关于未来预测的文章。主要讲述以下几个方面:在2050年,服装将用特殊材料制作,永远不会变脏或穿破;孩子们不用上学,他们将在家在电脑上学习;他们每天可以穿最喜爱的“星期六服装。1. B解析:细节理解题。由短文第三句和第四句话“They will never get dirty or wear out. We will have less work because we wont have to wash them可知,在2050年,我们不必洗衣服,所以选择答案B。2. C解析:细节理解题。根据短文“Theyll stay at home
25、 in front of their computers to study.,可知选择答案C。3. D解析:细节理解题。根据“They will never get dirty or wear out.,可知选择答案D。4. A解析:细节理解题。根据“They will never get dirty or wear out.,所以选择答案A。5. C解析:细节理解题。根据“And children wont worry about what to wear to school every day,可知孩子们不用担忧穿什么上学,所以表达不正确的选项是C项,所以选择答案C。专项训练Passage
26、 1(2022江苏常州A 4345)Imagine a classroom missing the one thing that has long been considered a necessary part to reading and writing? No paper, no books, no test paper. Nor are there any pencils or pens which always seem to run out of ink at the important moment. A “paperless classroom is what more and
27、 more schools are trying to achieve. Students dont do any handwriting in this class. Instead, they use hand-sized or specially-designed computers. The teacher downloads information from Internet libraries and sends them to every students personal computer. Having computers also means that students c
28、an use the Web. They can look up information on any subject theyre studying from math to social science. High school teacher Judy Herrell in Florida, US, described how her class used the Web to learn about whats going on in the world. “We could touch every side of the country through different sites
29、 from the forest to refugee(难民) camps. she said, “Using a book thats three or four years old is impossible. And exams can go online too. At a high school in Tennessee, US, students take tests on their own computers. The teacher records the grades on the network for everyone to see and then copies th
30、em to his own grade book on the Internet. A paperless classroom is a big step towards reducing the waste of paper. High school teacher Stephanie Sorrell in Kentucky, US, said she used to give about 900 pieces of paper each week to each student. “Think about the money and trees we could save with the
31、 computers, she said. But, with all this technology, theres always the risk that the machines will break down. So, paper books are still widely available for these hi-tech students.1. In a paperless classroom, what is a must?A. Pens.B. Computers.C. Information.D. books.2. The high school teacher, Ju
32、dy Herrell, used the example of her class to show that .A. the Web could take them everywhereB. the Web taught them a lotC. the Web can help students have online examsD. the Web can help students get the latest news 3. Which of the following is not the writers opinion?A. The paperless classroom will
33、 be good for trees.B. There are some differences between the paperless studies and those in the usually way.C. Paper books are no longer useful.D. Paper-free studies are popular with more and more schools.Passage 2(2022北京门头沟一模5355)Chinese are very generous(慷慨的) when it comes to educating their child
34、ren. Not caring about the money, parents often send their children to the best schools or even abroad to England, the United States and Australia. They also want their children to take extra-course activities where they will either learn a musical instrument or ballet, or other classes which will gi
35、ve them a head in life. The Chinese believe that the more expensive an education is, the better it is. So parents will spend an unreasonable amount of money on education. Even poor couples will buy a computer for their son or daughter. However, what most parents fail to see is that the best early ed
36、ucation they can give their children is usually very cheap. Parents can see that their children are very skilled in some areas while poor in others. What most parents fail to realize though, is that todays children are short of self-respect and self-confidence. The problem is that parents are only e
37、ducating their children on how to take multiple-choice tests and how to study well, but parents are not teaching them the most important skills that they need to be confident, happy and clever. Parents can achieve this by teaching practical skills like cooking, sewing and doing other housework. Teac
38、hing a child to cook will improve many of the skills that he will need later in life. Cooking requires patience and time. It is an enjoyable but difficult experience. A good cook always tries to improve his cooking, so he will learn to work hard and finish his job successfully step by step. His resu
39、lt, a well-cooked dinner, will give him much satisfaction and lots of self-confidence. Some old machines, such as a broken radio or TV set that you give your child to play with will make him curious and arouse(激发) his interest. He will spend hours looking at them, trying to fix them; your child migh
40、t become an engineer when he grows up. These activities are not only teaching a child to read a book, but rather to think, to use his mind. And that is more important. 1. Most Chinese parents dont realize .A. how much the best education is worthB. when children should be educatedC. what children rea
41、lly need in later lifeD. why school tests dont satisfy children2. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A. Fixing old machines is very important.B. Interest is necessary for everything.C. Broken things are useful for children.D. Using hands helps improve thinking ability. 3. The writers attitu
42、de(看法) to childrens education is that .A. the cheaper an education is, the better it isB. children today should learn different skillsC. practical skills are useful to childrens growthD. school education cant meet parents expectationPassage 3 (2022北京一模)Now, more and more mothers wear the same clothe
43、s as their daughters, so people often mistake them for each other. According to a new study, mothers today look to their daughters for fashion and beauty ideas. The study questioned 343 mothers and daughters, with an average (平均的) age of 44 for mums and 16 for the daughters. Maybe,I should throw out
44、 my grammar books and start from scratch. A report from Temple University, Philadelphia (费城) also say that many children act older than their years. But they dont listen to the opinion (意见) from their parents in wearing. Some mothers buy the same clothe as their daughters do. They like the same colo
45、ur and style as their daughters. They do so because they want to keep as young as their daughters. And now many more mothers compare beauty with their daughters. So a strange thing happens: the woman may look like a teenager from behind, but she is already middle-aged from the front. The report show
46、s that if a mum is young at heart and fashion, she is more likely to act as her daughter as a style expert and copy her. So what are the mothers going to wear in the future? This may depend on their daughters. 1. Why do people mistake mothers and their daughters?A. Because they have the same hobbies
47、.B. Because they often wear the same clothes.C. Because they often walk together.D. Because they often have the same hair style. 2. How many people were there being questioned in the study?A. 44.B. 16.C. 343.D. 60. 3. What do many children like to wear in their daily life?A. Clothes that make them l
48、ook older.B. Clothes that look fashionable.C. Clothes that are expensive.D. Clothes that are beautiful. 4. What do mothers like to compare with their daughters?A. Clothes.B. Lifestyle.C. Jobs.D. Beauty. 5. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Daughters should wear as their mothers do.B. Mothers should learn from their daughters in