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1、初中语法知识 -不定代词 不定代词是用来广泛指人或事物的词,其大多数兼有名词和形容词的功能,在意义和用法上都各不相同,应特别注意. 常见的不定代词有常见的不定代词有allall，bothboth，eacheach，everyevery，somesome，anyany，manymany，muchmuch，（，（a a）fewfew，（，（a a）littlelittle，oneone，onesones，eithereither，neitherneither，otherother，anotheranother，nono，nonenone以及以及含有含有some-some-，any-any-，no-
2、no-等的合成代词等的合成代词（如：（如：anybodyanybody，somethingsomething，no oneno one） 第 一 讲one的用法one的用法 One可以代替前面的人或事物,以避免这一名词的重复.one可以有自己的定语或冠词.one（一个），可以指人，也可以指物。在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。one的用法one的反身代词one的物主代词oneselfonesone的用法One of my friends wants to see you.One should not praise oneself.If one wants to wisit the city,one
3、must find ones own guide.我的一个朋友想去看你.一个人不能自卖自夸.如果一个人想去游览某个城市,他必须先找个导游.one的用法 One,复数形式ones.可用来代替前面出现过的可数名词,以避免重复.I dont like small boxes;I like large ones.Your question is a wery difficult one.He doesnt like red shirts.he likes white ones.one的用法 One 还可以用来泛指人(即:每个人,任何人).它的所有格是ones,反身代词是oneself(在美国英语里)
4、One should do ones best at all time.一个人无论何时都应尽自己的最大努力.one的用法 One 和ones也可以用在which,this,that,these,those以及形容词最高级后面.替代的是同类异物,有泛指含义.特指时须加上冠词the修饰语放在the和one/ones之间.I think the ones on the table are better.我认为桌子上的那些更好一些. a+形容词+one这一形式，经常见到或使用。I have an old bike，but he has a new one.我有辆旧自行车，他有辆新的。 it和one的比
5、较 it用来指特定的东西（the+名词）；而one则用于替代不特定的东西（a，an+名词）You have a pen，can I use it（=the pen）？你有一支钢笔，我可以用它（这支钢笔）吗？（特指）Do you have a pen？Yes，I have one（=a pen）.你有钢笔吗？是的，我有一支。（泛指） 第二讲第二讲somesome，anyany的用法的用法somesome，anyany的用法的用法相同点不同点some都是“一些”的意思,既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词.常用在肯定句中any多用在否定句 疑问句及条件句中somesome，anyany的用法的
6、用法 I have some science books. 我有一些科技书。（some在肯定句中译为一些） There is some ink in the bottle. 瓶子里有一些墨水。 I havent any money.（=I have no money.） Do you have any？ 我一分钱都没有了，你有（钱吗）？ You can ask me if you have any questions. （条件句） 如果你有任何问题，你都可以问我。somesome，anyany的用法的用法-somesome，anyany与与-thing-thing，-body-body，-on
7、e-one构成构成的合成词的用法的合成词的用法 somesome，anyany与与-thing-thing，-body-body，-one-one构成的合成词的用法构成的合成词的用法与与somesome，anyany一样。一样。I have something important to tell you.I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事告诉你。我有重要的事告诉你。I dont know anything about it .I dont know anything about it .(I know nothing about it .
8、)(I know nothing about it .)关于这件事，我什么都不知道。关于这件事，我什么都不知道。Anybody can do it.Anybody can do it.任何人都可以做这件事。任何人都可以做这件事。 注意 something，anything，nothing三者跟形容词时，形容词要放在它们的后面。somesome，anyany的用法的用法 在疑问句中，一般不用some，只有当问句表示一种邀请或请求，或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。Will you have some tea？你喝茶吗？（表邀请）anyany在表在表“任何的任何的”“”“任何一个任何一个”时，
9、可时，可用于肯定句用于肯定句 You may come here at any day. 哪天来这你都可以。 He did better than any before him. 他比他前面的任何人做得都好。比较Is there anything to eat？有什么吃的吗？(不知有没有，只是问一问)Is there something to eat？有一些吃的吧？（希望，而且断定会有） 第三讲第三讲other，another的用法的用法 another（=an other），别的、另一个，泛指众多中一个，一般后面接单数名词，前面不能加定冠词。 This book is too difficu
10、lt for me.This book is too difficult for me.Will you please give me another oneWill you please give me another one（=another book=another book）？）？这本书对我而言太难了，可以给我另一本这本书对我而言太难了，可以给我另一本吗？吗？another I dont like this one. Show me another.我不喜欢这个，给我看看另一个好我不喜欢这个，给我看看另一个好吗？（吗？（another作宾语）作宾语） He got three book
11、s；one is a dictionary，another is a play，the third is a grammar. 他买了三本书，一本是字典，另一本是剧本，还有一本是语法书。（another作主语） 有时another可以用在复数名词前译为“再、又”。You may stay for another ten days.你可以再住十天。the otherthe other表示两个中的一个，常与表示两个中的一个，常与oneone连用连用 I have two pencilsI have two pencils；one is redone is red； （andand）the othe
12、r is blue.the other is blue. 我有两支铅笔，一支是红的，另一支是我有两支铅笔，一支是红的，另一支是蓝的。蓝的。 There are only two books left. But There are only two books left. But I dont like this one. Will you I dont like this one. Will you please show me the otherplease show me the other？ 只剩下二本书了。可我不喜欢这一本，只剩下二本书了。可我不喜欢这一本，请给我另一本好吗？请给我另一
13、本好吗？ onethe other惯用词组 each other 互相 one another 互相 one after another 一个接一个 The lights went out one after another.电灯一个接一个灭了。 the other day 前几天I saw your friend the other day. 前几天我看到过你的朋友。other+名词名词=others（别的）（别的） Some are listening to the radio，others are watching TV.一些人在听广播，一些人在看电视。Some students wen
14、t to the Summer Palace. Other students（=others）stayed at home last Sunday.上周日，一些同学去颐和园，一些同学（还有同学）呆在家里。 the other +the other +名词名词=the others=the others，译为其余的，相当于，译为其余的，相当于the restthe rest。 There are thirty students in our class. Twenty are There are thirty students in our class. Twenty are girls. Th
15、e other studentsgirls. The other students（=the others=the others）are boys.are boys.我们班有三十个学生，二十名女孩，其余的都是男孩。我们班有三十个学生，二十名女孩，其余的都是男孩。Some of the pencils are red. The othersSome of the pencils are red. The others（=the other =the other pencilspencils）are green.are green.有些铅笔是红的，其余的都是绿的。有些铅笔是红的，其余的都是绿的。比
16、较 Some of the pencils are red，others（=other pencils）are green. 有些铅笔是红的，还有一些是绿的。（暗示可能还有些笔是别的颜色的：白色的、黄色的（暗示可能还有些笔是别的颜色的：白色的、黄色的）第 四 讲 all，both的用法 all，bothAll of them go to the movies.他们都去看电影。Both of my parents are healthy.我的双亲身体都健康。 all代表或修饰两个以上的人或物，或不可数的东西。在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。 All of us like her.All
17、 of us like her.（作主语）（作主语）=We all like her.=We all like her.（作同位语）（作同位语）我们所有的人都喜欢他。我们所有的人都喜欢他。All the oil（不可数名词）has been used up.（作主语）所有的油都用完了。Thats all for today.（作表语）今天就到这儿了。You havent eaten all（of）the bread.（作宾语）你的面包没有吃完。All the students were there.（作定语）所有的学生都在那儿。both是指两者都；而all是指三个和三个以上的人或物都。在句中可
18、作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。注意它们的区别。比较They were all waiting outside the gate.他们（三个以上）都在大门外等着。They were both waiting outside the gate.他们两个都在大门外等着。 第五讲第五讲 eacheach，everyevery的用法的用法 On each（every）side of the square there were policemen. 在广场的四周都有警察。 There are many trees on each sidof the street. 大街的两侧有许多大树。 On each（e
19、very）side of the square there were soldiers. 广场的四周都是士兵。（不能用every side） 从含义和语法功能上看：each是“单个”的意思，侧重于个体、个性，在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语，做主语谓语动词用单数。 而every是“每一个”的意思，侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语，也就是说它后面必须跟着名词，与of短语连用。含有every的词组every week 每周every two weeks 每两周every other day（week，line）每隔一天（每隔一周，每隔一行）every other ten days 每隔十天
20、All the students are here. Every student is here. = 所有的学生们都出席了。（强调整体）组成及符号There are flowers on each side of the river.河两岸都是花。Two men came and I gave a book to each.两个人来了，我给他们每人一本书。（作定语）（作宾语）eacheach作同位语时在句子中位置及谓语作同位语时在句子中位置及谓语动词的变化。动词的变化。 The students have two pens each.每个学生有两支钢笔。每个学生有两支钢笔。They each
21、 have two pens.他们每人有两支钢笔。他们每人有两支钢笔。Each of the students has two pens.每个学生有两支钢笔。每个学生有两支钢笔。Each of them has two pens.他们每人有两支钢笔。他们每人有两支钢笔。（作同位语）（作同位语）（作主语）（作主语）（作同位语）（作同位语）（作主语）（作主语） 第六讲第六讲either，neither， both 在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。either：指两者中的任意一个。neither：指两者中没有一个，全否定。both：指两者都，肯定。Neither of the films is good
22、.两部电影都不好。（没有一部是好的）Either of the films is good.（作主语，谓语动词用单数）两部电影中有一部不错。He wrote to neither of them.他没给他们两个任何一个人写信。He wrote to either of them.（作宾语）他给他们中的一个人写了信。Neither teacher often answers the questions.这两个老师，没有一个经常解答问题。Either teacher often answers the questions.这两个老师中有一位常常解答问题。Both the teachers ofte
23、n answer the questions.（作定语）这两个老师都常常解答问题。Neither of us has been to Shanghai .我们俩人都没有到过上海。我们俩人都没有到过上海。Both of us hasnt been to Shanghai .我们俩人并非都到过上海。（部分否定，我们俩人并非都到过上海。（部分否定，可用单数）可用单数） 注意哦！both后面的名词要用复数，谓语动词用复数。either和neither后面的名词要用单数，谓语动词用单数。 第七讲第七讲 many，much Many（of）the students have sports.（作主语）（作主
24、语）许多学生参加体育锻炼。许多学生参加体育锻炼。He has not got much time to go over his lessons.（作定语）（作定语）他没有多少时间复习功课了。他没有多少时间复习功课了。We are many；you are few.（作表语）我们是多数，你们是少数。She has much（work）to do.（作宾语）她有许多工作要去做。 第第 八八 讲讲 few a few little a little He has few friends here, he feels lonely. 他这里没朋友，他感觉寂寞。 There are a few eggs
25、 in the basket.篮子里有几个鸡蛋。 There is little time left. Hurry up! 没多少时间了，快点儿！There is a little time left. Dont worry.别着急，还有点时间呢There is little ink in my bottle, can you give me a little ink? 我的瓶子里没有墨水了，你能给我点儿墨水吗？ 1. My father has many books, but he has_ English books. A. little B. a little C. few D. a f
26、ew Answer 2. The twins can speak only _ French. A. a few B. few C. little D. a little Answer 辨 析 一 few 与 little 作形容词用，都表示“几乎没有”，相当于一个否定词。具体区别： (1) few 后面跟复数可数名词。 e.g. few books few students (2) little 后面跟单数不可数名词。e.g. little water little food e.g. e.g. He has few friends. He has few friends. 他没有几个朋友。
27、他没有几个朋友。 They has little money.They has little money. 他们没有什么钱他们没有什么钱 a few 与 a little 都表示肯定的意思，指“有一点，有一些”。具体区别： (1)a few 后加可数名词复数 （2） a little 后加不可数名词单数。辨析二e.g.e.g.Im going to buy a few bananas. Im going to buy a few bananas. I can speak only a little ChineseI can speak only a little Chinese. a litt
28、le 与 little 也可以用作副词， 表示“有点”“稍稍” 表示“很少” e.g.1、-Can you speak English? -Yes, but only a little. This book is a little more difficult than that one. （ 可修饰形容词比较级） She slept little last night. 昨天晚上，她没有怎么睡觉。 （1）few, a few是可数的, little, a little是不可数的。 （2）a few, a little含肯定意味，few, little含否定意味。 few, a few, li
29、ttle, alittle虽然都表示虽然都表示“少少”，但，但 这里所谓的“肯定意味”和“否定意味”应该这样来理解：同样是半杯水，口渴者会认为：There is little water in the glass. 而不口渴的人则会认为：There is a little water in the glass. 注 意 1few修饰可数名词复数。 2few (= not many; hardly any)含否定意义； a few (= some; several; a small number of) 含肯定意义。 3 not a few = no few = quite a few = a
30、good few = many。 注 意4 4当当 fewfew受受 every, last, past, next, some, veryevery, last, past, next, some, very等词所等词所修饰时，表示肯定意义，修饰时，表示肯定意义，fewfew之前不再有冠词。之前不再有冠词。 如：如： In the last few minutes, he checked up his paper In the last few minutes, he checked up his paper again. again. It took us some few days to
31、 repair the machine. It took us some few days to repair the machine. They are very few in number. They are very few in number. There were too few of them. There were too few of them. He goes to see his grandma every few weeks. He goes to see his grandma every few weeks. 5 5 在非正式文体中很少见，一般用或代替，在非正式文体中
32、很少见，一般用或代替， 如：如： Only a few people attended the meeting. Only a few people attended the meeting. little修饰不可数名词，表示“量”。 little含否定意义(反义词：much)；a little含肯定意义(反义词：none)。 在非正式英语中，一般很少用little，常用not much, only a little来代替，如： We havent got much money / time. Little remains to be done about it. (作作主语主语) A lit
33、tle remains to be done. Please give me a little. (作宾语作宾语) He knows a little of everything. There is very / but little time left. (作作定语定语) Dont worry; you still have a little time. There are few minutes left. Hurry up!没有时间了，快点儿！Dont worry! There are a few minutes left.别着急，还有几分钟呢。There is little time
34、left. Hurry up!没多少时间了，快点儿！There is a little time left. Dont worry.别着急，还有点时间呢 My sister has a few friends. But she has few good friends. 我姐姐有一些朋友，但是她几乎没有真正的好朋友。 第九讲第九讲 no, none , 和和no one no 后面可接可数名词和不可数名词，表示否定，相当于“not+any或者not+a” Ive no good friends here.=Ive not any good friends here.=Ive not a goo
35、d friend here.There are no books on the desk.There is no water in it. A: How much bread is there ?B: None.none 和 no one的区别 none 可以指人或物，no one= nobody,只指人。Who do you like?No one/None.None of the shirts is clean. 由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 例如：In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. ！