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1、ETS是如何炮制出GRE阅读文章的ETS是如何炮制出GRE阅读文章的?专家为你详细解析,我们来看看吧，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。ETS是如何炮制出GRE阅读文章的?专家为你详细解析GRE考试阅读文章数量众多，题材覆盖面也相当广阔。这些文章从何而来，ETS(GRE考试主办机构)又是如何改写并“炮制”出这些文章以满足GRE考试需求?下面小编就来为大家分析一下GRE阅读文章的来源和出题思路。文章来源一般来说，GRE的考试用阅读文章大部分来自于各类比较权威的相关杂志、ETS从自然科学、社会科学刊物以及各类书籍中搜集各种题材的文章，从中选出适合考试使用的内容作为阅读考试的题目。文章改写审查文章
2、后，ETS会通过大量使用分词及从句将句子处理得更紧凑、更严密。尽管改写后的文章会变得错综复杂，但TS会尽量保证文章中原有的鲜明态度以及较好的层次结构。如文章一开始给出一个老观点，后有新观点对此老观点进行反对，而对于这个新观点，文章作者或完全同意、或持部分保留意见、或是表现出有正有负的混合评价。出题思路一般来说，ETS的出题思路为先出关于主题、套路、态度、结构以及文章的主题叙述对象的有关问题，再针对文中比较明显的具体内容出题。在出题方式上力求多做变换，也就是将原文中的词汇或句子换成另一种说法表现出来。最后找出一些极易被考生忽略的细节来作为出题对象,以此提高考试难度、拉开考生档次。以上就是GRE考
3、试中阅读部分文章来源和出题思路的一些分析介绍，大家可以在有所了解的基础上，更有针对性的选择合适的课外读物进行阅读的积累和准备，对于出题思路也会有更好的把握，最终在GRE考试中取得好成绩。TIPS：掌握GRE阅读考试套路GRE文章不仅文章结构演进方式和考题类型有很强的规律性，文章表达的内容也带有一定的套路。比如，关于生物进化的文章，达尔文的“适者生存”总是受到批判。又比如，恩格斯的观点在GRE文章中也一直受到反对。另外，GRE考试要求单词量较少，一些专业词汇如天文、生物，总是重复出现。考生只要稍作归纳，就可以迅速解题，做到事半功倍。GRE考试阅读理解模拟题及答案解析P1Many theories
4、 have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.A low number of a
5、lgal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothes
6、ized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net
7、phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to s
8、tress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers.These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory.Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phy
9、toplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics.The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically.Studies by Hargrave and
10、Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these resea
11、rchers were not fully accepted, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field, by means of new experimental techniques.Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.In the periods of
12、peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, u
13、sually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate.These rates varied seasonally, reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring.Haneys thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population. (461 words)1. It
14、 can be inferred from the passage that the first theories of grazer control mentioned in the first paragraph would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions(B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplan
15、kton numbers from their field research(C) understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allo
16、wed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control2. Which of the following, if true, would call into question Hardys principle of animal exclusion?(A) Zooplankton are not the only organisms that are affected by phytoplankton repellents.(B) Zooplankton exclusion is unrelated to phytop
17、lankton population density.(C) Zooplankton population density is higher during some parts of the year than during others.(D) Net phytoplankton are more likely to exclude zooplankton than are nannoplankton.(E) Phytoplankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors.For the following q
18、uestion, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply3. The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?A Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.B Grazing pre
19、ssure can be lower in nutrient-poor lakes than in bog lakes.C Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.4. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to(A) emphasize
20、 the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton(B) disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers(C) collect phytoplankton of all sizes before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration(D) recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton coul
21、d be collected in a net(E) understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton5. According to the passage, Hargrave and Geen did which of the following in their experiments?(A) They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with th
22、e natural grazing rates of these species.(B) The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the laboratory.(C) They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concern
23、ing the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton.(D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton.(E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concernin
24、g the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species.P2The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator of a new aesthetic.Croce w
25、as, in fact, expressing a very old idea.Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious ord
26、er.This general philosophic concept of art was supported by technical necessities. It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of Chartres.When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists o
27、utlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art.Such were linear perspective and anatomy. (156 words)6. The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic e
28、ndeavor?(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists outlooks.(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did
29、 architecture.(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.7. Select the sentence in the passage that indicates a traditional assumption of aesthetic p
30、hilosophers.8. The author mentions linear perspective and anatomy in the last sentence in order to do which of the following ?(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croces theory of the origins of art(C) Support his point that rational o
31、rder of some kind has often seemed to discipline artistic inspiration(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic periodP3Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language
32、that allows the formation of extensive compounds.By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.The tlamatinime (those who know) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to expres
33、s the nuances of their thought.They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages.Of these forms the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associate
34、d terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea.Used as metaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression. (140 words)9. According to the passage, some abst
35、ract universal ideas can be expressed in Nahuatl by(A) taking away from a word any reference to particular instances(B) removing a word from its associations with other words(C) giving a word a new and opposite meaning(D) putting various meaningful elements together in one word(E) turning each word
36、of a phrase into a poetic metaphorFor the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply10. It can be inferred solely from the information in the passage EXCEPT thatA all abstract universal ideas are ideas of complex relationsB some record or evidence of the th
37、ought of the tlamatinime existsC metaphors are always used in Nahuatl to express abstract conceptual relationshipsP1(这是一篇长文章，各种不认识的词形状很接近，容易混淆，线索又多，确实难。然而，如果认真地做这种长文章，一个词一句话地认真翻译文章理解选项，就是在累积自己对GRE阅读的心理优势，做的越多越不怕阅读.就算花一天也要完成我就是这么劝 pian 自己的。)1Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of g
38、razers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.很多学说都详细地阐述了湖泊里植食动物的角色，比如浮游动物，会控制浮游藻类(浮游植物)的规模。(zooplankton 浮游动物;planktonic 浮游的;algae 藻类，单数形式 alga;phytoplankton 浮游植物;graze 牛羊等吃草、放牧;grazer 查了几本词典都没有详细解释它，只说它有“放牧者、牧羊人(澳洲)”的意思，但根据语境，显然应该翻译成“吃植物的动物”而不是“放牧
39、的人”。本句 Ch en Meng 老师译得比较顺，借鉴了 ta 的译法。)2The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.早期的植食者控制论只是基于藻类和浮游动物的数量呈负相关的观察结果。(negative correlations 负相关：一个变量的增加时，总伴随着另一个变量的减少;反之亦然。一起变多或变少叫正相关。)3A low number of algal
40、 cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.藻细胞含量少，植食者较多意味着植食者处理掉了大多数藻类，但也不绝对。4The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of a
41、nimal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.一个相反的观察结果是大量浮游植物聚集的区域浮游动物几乎消失， 这启发 H 提出了他的动物排除原理，他假设浮游植物大量聚集时可以产生一种浮游动物驱逐剂。5This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.这是第一次有人提出藻类抵抗
42、被吃的假设。6Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of
43、 grazers in subsequent research.许多早期的研究只考虑到浮游植物采网能够采集的藻类，这种实验流程忽略了体型更小的浮游植物(微型浮游生物)，而我们现在知道它们是浮游动物最爱吃的食物，在后续研究中，这种忽略降低了植食者角色的重要性。7Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, a
44、nd water movements in controlling algal numbers.在L，RO 和 RE 的研究中，研究者们更多地开始强调环境因素对藻类数量的控制，比如温度，光线，水流。8These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory.这些环境因素更便于现场监测和实验室模拟。9Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phyto
45、plankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics.研究者相信浮游动物的摄食行为对藻类数量有影响，特别是浮游植物爆发期尾声增长率下降后，不过这种摄食行为只被看作预测藻类数量动态模型中的一个小因素。10The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankto
46、n has only recently been determined empirically.摄食压力对淡水浮游植物的潜在重要性最近才通过实验被认定。11Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using th
47、e known population density of grazers.H 和 G 主持的研究，先测量实验室中单独的浮游动物种群进食速率，再用已知的浮游动物种群密度计算出野外总体浮游动物摄食速率，通过这种方式估算出自然条件下浮游动物总体的摄食速率。12The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in
48、the field, by means of new experimental techniques.然而，直到借助新的实验技术，野生环境中浮游动物的摄食率最终被测定以前，这些研究者(H 和 G)那种高度基于估算的摄食率都没有获得完全的认同。13Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.通过一个特别设计的喂食器，HN 得以记录自然环境下浮游动物的摄食率。(chamber 一般可以指某个内部封闭
49、空间，卧室、会客室，议事厅、立法院(比喻义)，金库，枪膛，心室。为了不显得可笑，feeding chamber 被模糊地译成了“喂食器”，你懂就好啦。)14In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phy