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1、 God helps those who help themselves. He who laughs last laughs best. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 作定语的主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句。 汉语中常用的表示。 定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。 单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语
2、。例如： a handsome boy英俊的男孩 the two boys 两个男孩 Toms pen Tom的钢笔。 his name 他的名字 the boy in the classroom 教室里的男孩 the boy in blue 穿蓝色衣服的孩子 a ball pen一支圆珠笔 the boy there 那儿的男孩The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do tod
3、ay./今天没有事要做。 The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China.她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys left.有五个留下的男孩。 The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔翻译：学生会 学生食堂 墨水瓶 两岸长满树的河流尽职尽责的老师 游泳池 化学实验室 定语从句（Att
4、ributive Clauses）定语从句即指在复合句用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有： when, where, why等。根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 判断下列句子是否是含有定语从句的复合句：The factory is which he works in.The suggestion that the meeting be
5、 put off proved right.The suggestion that he had made is that the meeting be put off.You should have put the book where you found it.You should have put the book at the place where it was.We will leave when it gets dark.There was a time when women had no right to vote.This is where they once lived.W
6、as it at midnight that you fell asleep while reading, with the candle still burning? Was it midnight when you fell asleep while reading, with the candle still burning? Mr. Li has three daughters, none of whom is an engineer Mr. Li has three daughters, but none of them is a dancer定语从句和并列句的区别：由并列连词and
7、, but, or, so, for, while等连接或由分号隔开的两个句子之间便是并列关系，它们之间互相并列，无从属关系。由定语从句关系代词或关系副词连接的句子，其中一个是定语从句的主句，另一个是从句。主从句之间可不用标点即限制性定语从句；主从句之间有逗号即成为非限制性定语从句。例如： Tom was late for school, and it made his teacher angry.定语从句与同位语从句的区别：定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。Word came that thei
8、r army was defeated.(同位语)We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语)定语从句和强调句型的区别： 强调句型中的it无意义，把强调句型中的it is / was和that 去掉后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句)It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句）关系代词who, whom, that，whose的用法 这些
9、词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please p
10、ass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。 关系代词which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你
11、拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）关系副词关系副词when与与where、why、thatWhen在从句中作时间状语，在从句中作时间状语，where在从句中作地点状语，在从句中作地点状语，why作原因状语作原因状语 when 指时间 = in / at / on / during whichwhere指地点 = in / at / from / whichwhy指原因 = for whichWe will put off the outing until next week, when we wont so busy.They will fly to Kunming, wh
12、ere they plan to stay for two or three days.This is the reason why I did it. 当先行词是表示模糊地点的单词，如：case, situation, condition, point, stage, position时，定语从句用where引导。 Today well discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. Have you ever been in a situation where y
13、ou know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him? Ive reached the stage where I just dont care any more.在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which（1）先行词被形容词最高级 序数词 数词几种词修饰或被 only、any、some, few、a few, little、a little, no、all、one of, very, much等修饰时。 There is no person that doesnt make mistak
14、es. This is the best film that I have ever seen.（2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything, nothing等不定代词时。 All that you want are here.（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.（4）当主句是以which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the person that is standing over
15、 there? Which are the books that you bought for me ?关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词（1）当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。（2）先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时，关系词用who。（3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?（4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。宜用which而不用that的情况（1）在非限制性定语从句中 （2）在关系词前有介
16、词时例如：I lost my watch, which is not found yet. This is the book to which you can refer. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号，表示对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开，相当于并列句。限定性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就不完整或者不明确。非限定性定语从句是对先行词进行补充说明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚。如： He is the man who has st
17、rong personality. 他是个个性很强的人。 （限定性定语从句） My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在国外工作，他下周将回来。（非限定性定语从句）非限定性定语从句不能用that来引导，一般用which，as或who（指人）。用which或as引导时，既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。 如：He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. （which指代整个主句，在从句中作主语）在限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略；但在非限定性定语从句中，关
18、系代词作宾语时不能省略。 如：The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去) She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before. (whom不能省去)关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。as 引导定语从句时，可指人也可指物，通常与the same，such，so等连用，形式为：the same as，such as，as as，so as。As在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：Such books as you bough
19、t are useful.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age. 注意：区别such that 引导的结果状语从句。 They are such lovely children that we love them much. the same that 引导定语从句。 the same as 和the same that的用法不同。as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”，指同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”，指同一事物。如： This is the same pen as I lo
20、st yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样。（类似的笔） This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支。（同一支笔）非限定性定语从句用as和which引导的区别意义上：as 含有“这点正如一样”which 没有。 as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。如：He didnt pass the exam, as we had expected.There is lots of air in loose snow, which can ke
21、ep the cold out.As is known, the earth is round, not flat. As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth. The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects peoples life greatly.介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句在“介词+which/whom”结构中，介词的选择取决于三种情况：1定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配。如： This is the college in which I am studyin
22、g. He is the man about whom we are talking. 不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with； 有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。 如：be familiar with/to，compare with/to等。2先行词与介词的习惯搭配。如： The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 仪表上显示出这台机器运转的速度。3当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which; 否则用其他介词。如： I have five dictionaries of
23、which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.几个特殊的定语从句句型：He is the only one of the students who has got very good marksin the match.（句中one为先行词）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students为先行词）Is this pl
24、ace the one (that) we visited yesterday?Is this the place (that / which) we visited yesterday ?He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.用适当的关系代词或副词填空：1. Is there anything_ I can do for you?2.The girl _is wearing a blue ne
25、cklace is Mary.3. This novel,_ I have read three times, is very touching.4. I still remember the days_ we spent together.5. I still remember the day_ I first came to the school.6. The factory _ his father works is in the west of the city.7. The factory _ his father runs is in the west of the city.8.
26、 The person with _ you stayed last night is my aunt.9. He lives in the room _ window faces south.10. He lives in the room the window of _ faces south.11. Who is the person _ shook hands with you just now?12. He had failed in the math exam, _ made his father angry.13. Is this the way _ she does her h
27、omework?14. The way _ he used was not practical for us.15. We talked a lot about the actor and the films _ interested us at the party.16. Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago?17. She still remembers the day _ she found her first job.18. Yesterday he went to visit the
28、school at _ he studied ten years ago.19. Autumn is the season _ farmers get ready for the good harvest.20. We went upstairs, _ chairs were place side by side in front of a long table.21.There are some cases, _ the rules dont hold good.22.We are in a position _ we may lose a large sum of money.23.Aft
29、er graduation she reached a point in her career _ she needed to decide what to do.24.Do you know the reason _ she left without a word?25.This is the reason _ they gave for their being late.26.I will never forget the time during _ I spent my childhood in the country.27.There two things of _ they felt
30、 very proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hair.28.There is a Tibet High School in Beijing to _ Tibet will send excellent students to study every year.29.His father devoted all his energy to him, for _ he was grateful.30.I hope to buy such a dress _ Mary is wearing.31.I lend you such books _will interest you.