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1、定语从句的关系词一、原理知识梳理在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。关系代词或者关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联络作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。定语从句的基本构造：先行词关系词句子句型转换：ThelittleboycanrecitequitealotofChinesepoemsandheissingingtherenow.Thelittleboy(whoissingingtherenow)canrecitequitealotofChinesepoems.括号里的成分都是修饰前面的thelittleboyboy，即修饰名
2、词，我们称之为定语从句；被修饰的这个名词叫先行词；连接先行词和定语从句并在定语从句中充当成分的叫做关系词。二、关系词代词的基本用法：引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as。它们在句子中能够充当主语、宾语、表语、或定语，作宾语时可省略。基本用法如下：真题解析：2021江苏Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.B句意：洪灾过后，那个地区的人们正在受苦。为了生存，他们急需干净的水、药品和住所。此题考
3、察非限制性定语从句。讲先行词people带入定语从句后为：peopleurgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive,可知先行词在从句中作主语，所以排除C项；D项不能引导定语从句，故排除；由于先行词为“人，所以排除A项。故答案为B项。(2020.扬州)ThevolunteersaredoingagreatjobinYushu.Yes.Theyarehelpingthepeople_aresufferingfromtheearthquake.A.whichB.whatC./D.whoD:“志愿者们在玉树表现得很好。对，他们正在帮助那些在地
4、震中受灾的人。“在地震中受灾的人是修饰“thepeople，所以“thepeople是先行词，代入从句是原词带入，即选用关系代词，又修饰人，应选D项。(2020.常州Theywanttodevelopakindofdog-friendlyfood_willhelpdogownerscooldownpets.A.whoB.whatC.whichD.whetherC:“他们想要研制一种让狗变得友好的狗粮，狗主人们能够用它让宠物们平静下来。先行词是food，定语从句修饰物，代入从句是原词带入，即选用关系代词，选C。(2021.南京TheEnglish-Chinesedictionary_myfath
5、erboughtformemanyyearsagoisstillofgreatvalue.A.whoseB.whenC.whoD.thatD：“我爸爸几年前买给我的英汉辞典如今仍然很有用。先行词TheEnglish-Chinesedictionary，定语从句修饰物，代入从句是原词带入，即选用关系代词，选D。2021江苏ThepresidentoftheWorldBanksayshehasapassionforChina,_heremembersstartingasearlyashischildhood.B句意：世界银行主席讲他非常喜欢中国，他记得这种喜欢之情始于他的儿童时代，此题考察定于从句
6、。先行词是apassionforChina,在定语从句中作宾语，要用关系代词，所以选B项。A和D是关系副词，在定语从句中作状语；C项不引导定语从句，均可排除。练习：LuXun,whoserealnamewasZhouShuren,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.Theboywho/thatisplayingping-pongismyclassmate.Thee-mailwhich/thatIreceivedyesterdaywasfrommysister.Iveneverheardofthepeopleandthingsthatyoutalkedaboutj
7、ustnow.Iveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.关系代词只用that的情形1当先行词是all，any，few，little，none，anything，everything，nothing，everybody，nobody，everyone，noone或被它们修饰时HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid李教师讲的你都记下来了吗Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.对他来讲似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone
8、.所有能做的都做好了。ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.我不能为你干什么。Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded.他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。真题解析：2021陕西Pleasesendusalltheinformation_youhaveaboutthecandiateforthepositon.A.that先行词theinformation被all修饰，定语从句的关系代词只能用that2021江苏IhopethatthelittleIhavebeenabletodohasbeenofso
9、meuse.C句意：我希望我能够做的那点小事已经有所帮助。此题考察定语从句。由于先行词是不定代词little，关系代词只能用that，不能用which，在从句中作do的宾语，故选C项(2)当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时ThisisthefirstcompositionthathehaswritteninEnglish这是他用英语写的第一篇作文。ThisisthemosebeautifulparkthatIhavevisied.这是我见过的最美丽的公园.真题解析：(2021.扬州)ZhangLiliisconsideredasthemostbeautifulteacher_gaveherl
10、ovetoherstudentsindanger.A.whoB.thatC.whomD.whichB：先行词是teacher，并且先行词被形容词最高级修饰，只能选B。(2020.扬州OneofthemostinterestingplacesinYangzhou_areoftenvisitedbyforeignersistheWestSlenderLake.A.whatB.whoC.thatD./C:先行词places，并且最高级修饰先行词，所以只能选C项。此题的难点在于先行词的定位，此题最靠近定语从句的是“inYangzhou，因而很多同学会误将“Yangzhou当作先行词。但是“inYang
11、zhou是介词短语修饰前面的名词places，先行词是名词或代词，所以应当是“places作先行词。并且分析句意可知，外国人常去游玩的地点是瘦西湖，不是指整个扬州。3先行词里同时含人和物Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool他们议论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的毛驴。4当先行词有thevery，theonly，thesame等修饰时ThisistheverydictionarythatI
12、wanttobuy.这正是我要买的词典。Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。5当主句以who或which开始时Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate站在门口的那个人是谁WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost哪件T恤衫最合我的身6有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词用which，另外一个用thatTheysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcau
13、sepollution.(7)先行词在从句中担任表语，从句的关系词用thatPudongisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.判定先行词能否正确1、ThemanandhisdogthatIalwaysmeetarestandingbythegate.2、IsthereanythingwhichIcandoforyou3、Heansweredfewquestionswhichtheteacherasked.4、ThatisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverread.5、ThefirstthingthatIshoulddoistorev
14、iewmylessons.关系代词不使用that的情况;1)介词之后Chemistrydealswithchangesinmatter,asaresultofwhichitispossibletoformanewsubstance.LastnightIhadadreaminwhichIbecameaNobelPrizewinner.Thehouseinwhichmyfamilyliveusedtobeagarage.whichmyfamilyliveinusedthatmyfamilyliveinusedtomyfamilyliveinusedto2)在非限制性定语从句中HereadsEngl
15、isheveryday,whichdoesgoodtohisEnglishstudy.Theydidratherbadlyinthemathsexam,whichwasnotwhatIhadexpected.Hehaswonthefirstprizeinthemathscontest,whichisagreathonortoourschool.Hedecidedtobecomeadoctor,whichisaveryunselfish.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,whichIthinkisofgreatimportancetoscience.Theysend
16、mydaughtertoschooleverymorning,whichIconsideragreathelptome.关系代词as与which的区分同：两者都可指代主句的全部内容，而不仅限于指代某个词。Themeetingwasputoff,as/whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.异：1、as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，which引导的非限制性定语从句只能在主句之后。2.在非限制性从句中，which后的be动词不可省；as而后的be动词能够省略。Shetoldmeshewonthematch,whichwasalie.Thematerialise
17、lastic,as(was)showninthefigure.3.which在非限制性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而在非限制性定语从句做主语时，谓语常用连系动词，如be,seem,become等，一般不用其他行为动词。Hesawthegirl,whichdelightedhim.Hedidntsayanythingatthemeeting,as/whichseemedverystrange.4.假如主句中叙述的事情与从句所涉及的意向一致，多用as，用以对主句的意义进行补充Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Hebroketherulesagain,whic
18、hwasunexpected.5.关系代词as引导限制性定语从句常用下列句式：a).such+n+as.像.一样的thesame+n+as.和.同样的例：Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.Heisnotthesamemanashewas.注意：such.as.引导的定语从句与such.that.引导的状语从句的区别：A.Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes.定语从句B.Heissuchacleverboythateveryonelikeshim.状语从句解析：A句中的从句缺少成分，B句的从句不缺少成分。
19、b).suchas.such为代词，意为“这样的人或物，as在从句中做成分，修饰先行词such。例：ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.as作宾语6.如表示“好像那样，根据，正如含义，as固定搭配：asanybodycanseeaswehadexpectedasoftenhappensasismentionedaboveasweallknowasisreported三、关系副词引导的定语从句1when(atwhich,onwhich,inwhich,duringwhich.)指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcamet
20、othisschool.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.我们团圆的时刻终于到了。真题解析：2020江苏Betweenthetwopartsoftheconcertisaninterval,theaudiencecanbuyicecream.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which句意：音乐会两部分之间是休息时间，那时候观众能够买冰淇淋。此题考察定语从句。先行词是interval，此处指时间，复原到从句中为：Duringtheintervaltheaudiencecanbuyicecream.关系词
21、在从句中作时间状语，故选择A。2where(inwhich,atwhich.)指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。真题解析：(2021江苏)Thebookhashelpedmegreatlyinmydailycommunication,especiallyatworkagoodimpressionisamust.D句意：这本书对我的日常沟通很有帮助，尤其是在那些必须给人留下良好印象的工作中，此
22、题考察定语从句。关系副词where引导定语从句，修试先行词work，且where在从句中作地点状语。地点模糊化与关系副词where的应用当先行词是point，case，situation，stage，scene，circumstance，condition，phase，position，state等词表示一个模糊的地点概念，且定语从句不缺成分时，从句的引导词是where。例：Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.3why(forwhich)指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereason
23、whyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。4.关系副词引导的定语从句经常能够用“介词+关系代词引导的定语从句来表示。如：Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长
24、大后要做什么。Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.他们生活的城市正发生宏大的变化。Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是特别明了的。总结关系词的选择：首先再看先行词表示的是人，物，时间，地点，还是原因。其次看代替先行词的关系词在从句中担任什么成分。练习：Thisisthebag_mymotherboughtyesterday.A.thatB.whoC.whomD.thisThisisthebestbook_Ihavebeenlookingforallthisyear.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.thatThefirsttime_IsawPremierZhouwasin1958.B.whereC.whichD.thatIllneverforgettheday_IjoinedtheLeague.A.onwhichB.whichC.inwhichD.atwhichThefactory_Mr.Liusedtoworkwasclosedlastweek.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.Which答案：ADDAB