高中英语语法最重要知识汇总.docx

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1、高中英语语法最重要知识汇总按:本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分,保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。第一章名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因而根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比拟It作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子构造,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则

2、是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时可以用who/whom。例如:a)Itisapitythatyoudidntgotoseethefilm.你不去看那场电影真可惜。-b)Itdoesntinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。c)Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.谋杀案是在早上发生的。强调句型d)ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.是John打碎的窗户。强调句型2.用it作形式主语的构造(1)Itis名词从句Itisafactthat

3、;Itisanhonorthat;Itiscommonknowledgethat(2)Itis形容词从句ItisnaturalthatItisstrangethat.(3)Itis不及物动词从句ItseemsthatIthappenedthatItappearsthat(4)It过去分词从句ItisreportedthatIthasbeenprovedthatItissaidthat3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况:1if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。2Itissaid/reported构造中的主语从句不可提早。例如:正确表达:ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwill

4、visitourschoolnextweek.(错误表达:ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.3Ithappens/occurs构造中的主语从句不可提早。例如:正确表达:Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.错误表达:Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.4Itdoesntmatterhow/whether构造中的主语从句不可提早。例如:正确表达:Itdoesntmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.错误表达:Whe

5、therheiswrongornotdoesntmatter.5含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提早。例如:;正确表达:Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening错误表达:Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely4.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语宾语表语,而that则不然。例如:a)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.b)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation二宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在

6、主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常能够省略),例如:Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.我听讲他参军了。(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句,例如:a)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.她不知道发生了什么。b)Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.我想知道你能否能帮我改一下笔记。(3)动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如:Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.她对我讲她会接受我的邀请。(2.作介词的宾语

7、,例如:Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。3.作形容词的宾语,例如:Iamafraid(that)Ivemadeamistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。注意:that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,sa

8、tisfied,content等。可以以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。4.it能够作为形式宾语it不仅能够作为形式主语,还能够作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾,十分是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如:Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我听讲她下个朋就会结婚了。5.*后边不能直接跟that从句的动词这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后能够用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不

9、能够用that引导的宾语从句。如:正确表达:Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.错误表达:Iadmirethattheywonthematch.6.*不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that从句“构造中,常见的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如:正确表达:Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.错误表达:Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.7

10、.否认的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否认意义,一般要把否认词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:Idontthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我以为这件衣服不合适你穿。三.表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般构造是“主语连系动词表语从句。能够接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有thereasonisthat和Itisbecause等构造。例

11、如:1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecantgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四.同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,讲明名词的详细内容,一般由that引导,例如:1)Thekin

12、gsdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位语在句子中的位置#同位语从句有时能够不紧跟在它所讲明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分主语或宾语,而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句

13、的作用,不充当句中任何成分。(2)定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描绘定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充讲明。例如:1)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语2)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分.第二章定语从句定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时可以以修饰部分或整个句子。被

14、修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出如今先行词之后,由关系词关系代词或关系副词引出。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as。关系副词有:when,where,why,how。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时能够省略。定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。)定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1、关系代词引导的定语从句1)who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Ishethemanwho/thatwantstos

15、eeyouwho/that在从句中作主语Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.whom/that在从句中作宾语2)whose用来指人或物,只用作定语,若指物,它还能够同ofwhich互换,例如:Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.3)which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.which/that在句中作宾语Thepackage(wh

16、ich/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that在句中作宾语)关系代词that和which都能够指物,that和Who都能够指人,其用法区别:1)不用that的情况:a)在引导非限定性定语从句时(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介词后不能用Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.c)多用who的情况关系代词在从句中做主语Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.先行词为

17、those,people时Thosewhowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.先行词为all,anyone,ones,one指人时Onewhodoesntworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.在Therebe句型中|Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.在被分隔的定语从句中AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.在有两个定语从句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句

18、时,后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatisverymodestandstudiesveryhard.Thereisateacherwhoisalwaysreadytohelpothersandwhoenjoyswhathedoes.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,everything,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil

19、.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.b)先行词有theonly,thevery,thejust修饰时,只用that。Heistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.c)先行词为序数词(thelast)、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。ThefirstEnglishbookthatIreadwasThePrinceandthePauperbyMarkTwin.d)先行词既有人,又有物时。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathev

20、isited.:e)当主句是以who或which开场的特殊疑问句时,用that以避免重复。Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate.f)关系代词在从句中做表语Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。关系副词when,where,why,how的含义相当于介词+which构造,因而经常和介词+which构造交替使用,例如:Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.¥Beijingistheplacewhere

21、(inwhich)Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedourofferImsurprisedthewayhow(bywhich)heworksouttheproblem.注意:在非限制性定语从句中,介词+which构造不能代替关系副词。如:Theysetupastatefortheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开,介词仍放在动词后面。Isthisthebookwhich(that)shewaslookingfor3、名词/数词/代词/形容词最高级

22、+介词+关系代词引导定语从句Shehaswrittenabook,thenameofwhichIhaveforgotten.Therearefifty-fivestudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghard.Therearefivecontinentsintheworld,thelargestofwhichisAsia.4、as,which引导非限定性定语从句的差异由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfu

23、ltooneshealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.as可引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如的意思。Asisknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.用法区别:(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。Asweallknow,heneversmokes.(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect,think,suppose等表示猜想、想象、意料等时。Shesucceededi

24、nherdoingtheresearchwork,asweexpected.¥(4)As的用法thesameas;suchas中的as是一种固定构造,和一样。Ishouldliketousethesametoolasisusedhere.Weshouldhavesuchadictionaryasheisusing.第三章状语从句状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状1.Naturally,ourgrandparentswerepleasedtogetourphonecall.(状状)2.Weworkedhard,fromsunriset

25、osunset.(状状状状状)3.Tohelpmydisabledaunt,Ispendanhourworkinginherhouseeveryday.(状状状)4.Seenfromadistance,thefarmhouselookeddeserted.(状状状状)5.IknowhowtolightacampfirebecauseIhaddoneitbefore.状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状enough状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状

26、状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状:1状状状状状状状状状状状状状when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,after,since,till,until状状状状状状theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday状theinstant,immediately,directly,nosoonerthan,hardlywhen,scarcelywhenIdidntrealizehowspecialmymot

27、herwasuntilIbecameanadult.WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard(状状)themomenttheysawtheguard.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.2状状状状状状状状状状状状状where状状状状状状wherever,anywhere,everywhereGenerally,airwillbeheavilypollute

28、dwheretherearefactories.Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard.3状状状状状状状状状状状状状because,since,as,since状状状状状状seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,giventhat,consideringthat,MyfriendsdislikemebecauseImhandsomeandsuccessful.Nowthateverybodyhascome,letsbeginourconference.Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmay

29、discouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.Consideringthatheisnomorethan12yearsold,hisheightofmisquiteremarkable.4状状状状状状状状状状状状状sothat,inorderthat状状状状状状lest,incase,forfearthat状inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthatThebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsignthem.Theteacherraisedhi

30、svoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.5状状状状状状状状状状状状状sothat,sothat,suchthat,状状状状状状suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,Hegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.Itssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.Tosuchandegreewasheexcitedthathecouldntsleeplastnight.6状状状状状状状

31、状状状状状状if,unless,状状状状状状as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposethat,incasethat,onconditionthatWellstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.Providedthatthereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.7状状状状状状状状状状状状状though,although,evenif,eventhough状状状状状状

32、as(状状状状状状状状状状状状状状)状while(状状状状状状)状nomatter状inspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whicheverMuchasIrespecthim,Icantagreetohisproposal.状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangehermind.Hewontlistenwh

33、ateveryoumaysay.8状状状状状状状状状状状状状as(状状状状),than(状状状状状状状)状状状状状状themorethemore;justas状so;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;nomorethan;notAsomuchasBSheisasbad-temperedashermother.Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours.Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.状状状状状状状状状状状状状状9状状状状状状状状状状状状状as,asif,how

34、状状状状状状thewayWheninRome,doastheRomando.Shebehavedasifsheweretheboss.Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.10.状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状:状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状it状状状状状状状状be状状状状状状状状状状状状状be状状状状状状状状状状When(themuseumis)completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.Hellgototheseasideforhish

35、olidayif(itis)possible.状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状Imtallerthanhe(istall).Thehigherthetemperature(is),thegreaterthepressure(is).状状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状:状if,unless状状状状状状状状状状;状although,though,evenif/though状状状状状状状状状状;状when,while,as,

36、before,after,until/till状状状状状状状状状状;状as,asif状状状状状状状状状状;状as,than状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状(1)状状状状状状状状状it,状状状状状状be状,it状be状状状状状状状状状:If(itis)possible,hewillhelpyououtofthedifficulty.状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状Youmustattendthemeetingunless(itis)inconvenienttoyou.状状状状状状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状状状状(2)状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状be状

37、状状状状状状状状状状状状状状:a.状状+状状状As(hewas)young,helearnedhowtorideabike.状状状状状状状状状状状状状Whenever(sheis)free,sheoftengoesshopping.状状状状状状状状状Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryoullregret.状状状状状,状状状状状状b.状状+状状While(hewas)ayoungboy,hewasalwaysreadytohelpothers.状状状状状状状状状状状状Although(hewas)afarmer,nowheisafamousdirector.状状状状状状状

38、状,状状状状状状状状状状状状c.状状+状状状状As(shewas)walkingalongtheriverbank,shewassingingapopsong.状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状Although(heis)doinghisbestinmathsthesedays,hehasstillgotnogoodmarks.状状状状状状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状状状状d.状状+状状状状Hewontgotherewithusunless(heis)invited.状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状状状状状状Theconcertwasagreatsuccessthan(itwas)expecte

39、d.状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状e.状状+状状状Hestoodupasif(hewere)tosaysomething.状状状状状状状状状状状状状Hewouldntsolvetheproblemevenif(hewere)totakecharge.状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状状状f.状状+状状状状Shelookedanxiousasthough(shewas)introuble.状状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状HehadmasteredtheEnglishlanguagebefore(hewas)intheUSA.状状状状状状状状状状状状状状:状状状状状状状状状状状状状状,状状状状

40、状状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状状状状状状状:Whenthemeetingwasover,allthepeoplewentoutofthemeeting-room.状状状状状状,状状状状状状状状状状(=Themeetingover,.)第四章倒装构造一全部倒装全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此构造通常只用与一般如今时和一般过去时。常见的构造有:1.here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run。例如:1)Theregoesthebell.铃声渐渐消失了。2)Thencamethechairman.然后主席就来了

41、3)Hereisyourletter.这是你的信。2.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。例如:1)Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。2)Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意:上述全部倒装的句型构造的主语必须是名词,假如主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如:1)Herehecomes.他来了。2)Awaytheywent.他们走了。)二部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。假如句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do,does或did,并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否认

42、或半否认的词语,如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil等。例如:1)NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.我从来没看过这样的表演。2)Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。3)Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。注意:当Notuntil引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。注意:如否认词不在句首不倒装。例如:,1)Ih

43、aveneverseensuchaperformance.我从来没看过这样的表演。2)Themotherdidntleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。2.带有否认意义的词放在句首,语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有:not,never,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,atnotime,notonly,notonce,underoncondition,hardlywhen,nosoonerthan等。例如:1)Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticized

44、thesender.他不仅拒收了礼品,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。2)Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。3)Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.她刚要走时一个学生来看她。注意:只要当Notonlybutalso连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装构造。假如置于句首的Notonlybutalso仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装构造。例如:NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic.我和你都喜欢音乐。$3.表示也、也不的so,neither,

45、nor放在句首时,句子作部分倒装。例如:1)TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.Tom能讲法语,我也能。2)Ifyouwontgo,neitherwillI.假如你不去,我也不去。注意:当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证明或肯定时,不可用倒装构造。意为确实如此。例如:1)TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.Tom让我去踢足球,我去了。2)-Itsraininghard.-Soitis.-雨下得很大。-确实很大。4.only放在句首,强调状语副词,介词短语或状语从句等,全句语序要部分倒装。例如:Onlyinthisway,canyou

46、learnEnglishwell.你只要用这种方法才能学好英语。Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.他被请了三次才来开会。注意:假如句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装Onlywhenheisseriouslyill,doesheeverstayinbed.他只要病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。三as,though引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提早形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提早。此时应注意:1)句首名词不能带任何冠词;2)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。假如实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一

47、起放在主语之前。例如:Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作,但是他好似从来都不能令他的工作満意。注意:让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。四其他部分倒装#1.sothat句型中的so位于句首时,需倒装。例如:Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.他害怕得动都不敢动。2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中,例如:Mayyouallbehappy.望大家开心愉快。3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,shou

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