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1、2019年12月英语六级浏览真题及答案第1套段落匹配IncreasedScreenTimeandWellbeingDeclineinYouthA)Haveyoungpeopleneverhaditsogood?Ordotheyfacemorechallengesthananypreviousgeneration?OurcurrenteraintheWestisoneofhighwealth.Thismeansminorsenjoymaterialbenefitsandlegalprotectionsthatwouldhavebeentheenvyofthoselivinginthepast.B
2、utThereisanincreasingsuspicionthatallisnotwellforouryouth.Andoneofthemostpopularexplanations,amongsomeexpertsandthepopularmedia,isthatexcessivescreentimeistoblame.(Thisreferstoalltheattentionyoungpeopledevotetotheirphones,tabletsandlaptops.)However,thisisacontentioustheoryandsuchclaimshavebeentreate
3、dskepticallybysomescholarsbasedontheirreadingoftherelevantdata.B)Nowanewstudyhasprovidedanothercontributiontothedebate,uncoveringstrongevidencethatadolescentwellbeingintheUnitedStatesreallyisexperiencingadeclineandarguingthatthemostlikelycauseistheelectronicricheswehavegiventhem.Thebackgroundtothisi
4、sthatfromthe1960sintotheearly2000s,measuresofaveragewellbeingwentupintheUS.Thiswasespeciallytrueforyoungerpeople.Itreflectedthefactthatthesedecadessawaclimbingeneralstandardsoflivingandavoidanceofmasssocietaltraumaslikefull-scalewaroreconomicdeprivation.However,thescreentimehypothesis,advancedbyrese
5、archerssuchasJeanTwenge,isthatelectronicdevicesandexcessivetimespentonlinemayhavereversedthesetrendsinrecentyears,causingproblemsforyoungpeoplespsychologicalhealth.C)Toinvestigate,TwengeandhercolleaguesdivedintotheMonitoringtheFuturedatasetbasedonannualsurveysofAmericanschoolstudentsfromgrades8,10,a
6、nd12thatstartedin1991.Intotal,1.1millionyoungpeopleansweredvariousquestionsrelatedtotheirwellbeing.Twengesteamsanalysisoftheanswersconfirmedtheearlier,well-establishedwellbeingclimb,withscoresrisingacrossthe1990s,andintothelater2000s，Thiswasfoundacrossmeasureslikeself-esteem,lifesatisfaction,happine
7、ssandsatisfactionwithindividualdomainslikejob,neighborhood,orfriends.Butaround2021thesemeasuresstartedtodecline.Thiscontinuedthrough2016,themostrecentyearforwhichdataisavailable.D)Twengeandhercolleagueswantedtounderstandwhythischangeinaveragewellbeingoccurred.However,itisveryhardtodemonstratecausesu
8、singnon-experimentaldatasuchasthis.Infact,whenTwengepreviouslyusedthisdatatosuggestascreentimeeffect,somecommentatorswerequicktoraisethisproblem.Theyarguedthathercausal-soundingclaimsrestedoncorrelationaldata,andthatshehadnotadequatelyaccountedforotherpotentialcausalfactors.Thistimearound,Twengeandh
9、erteammakeapointofsayingthattheyarenottryingtoestablishcausesassuch,butthattheyareassessingtheplausibilityofpotentialcauses.E)First,theyexplainthatifagivenvariableisplayingaroleinaffectingwellbeing,thenweshouldexpectanychangeinthatvariabletocorrelatewiththeobservedchangesinwellbeing.Ifnot,itisnotpla
10、usiblethatthevariableisacausalfactor.Sotheresearcherslookedattimespentinanumberofactivitiesthatcouldplausiblybedrivingthewellbeingdecline.Lesssport,andfewermeetingswithpeerscorrelatedwithlowerwellbeing,asdidlesstimereadingprintmedia(newspapers)and,surprisingly,lesstimedoinghomework.(Thislastfindingw
11、ouldappeartocontradictanotherpopularhypothesisthatitisourburdeningofstudentswithassignmentthatiscausingalltheproblems,)Inaddition,moreTVwatchingandmoreelectroniccommunicationbothcorrelatedwithlowerwellbeing.Alltheseeffectsheldtrueformeasuresofhappiness,lifesatisfactionandself-esteem,withtheeffectsst
12、rongerinthe8thandl0th-graders.F)Next,Twengesteamdugalittledeeperintothedataonscreentime.Theyfoundthatadolescentswhospentaverysmallamountoftimeondigitaldevices-acoupleofhoursaweek-hadthehighestwellbeing.Theirwellbeingwasevenhigherthanthosewhoneverusedsuchdevices.However,higherdosesofscreentimewerecle
13、arlyassociatedwithlowerhappiness.Thosespending10-19hoursperweekontheirdeviceswere41percentmorelikelytobeunhappythanlower-frequencyusers.Thosewhousedsuchdevices40hoursaweekormore(oneintenteenagers)weretwiceaslikelytobeunhappy.Thedatawasslightlycomplicatedbythefactthattherewasatendencyforkidswhowereso
14、cialintherealworldtoalsousemoreonlinecommunication,butbybracketingoutdifferentcasesitbecameclearthatthereal-worldsocialitycomponentcorrelatedwithgreaterwellbeing,whereasgreatertimeonscreensoronlineonlycorrelatedwithpoorerwellbeing.G)Sofar,soplausible.Butthenextquestionis,arethedropsinaveragewellbein
15、ghappeningatthesametimeastrendstowardincreasedelectronicdeviceusage?Itlookslikeit-afterall,2021wasthetippingpointwhenmorethanhalfofAmericansbeganowningsmartphones.Twengeandhercolleaguesalsofoundthatacrossthekeyyearsof2021-16,wellbeingwasindeedlowestinyearswhereadolescentsspentmoretimeonline,onsocial
16、media,andreadingnewsonline,andwhenmoreyouthintheUnitedStateshadsmartphones.Andinasecondanalysis,they,foundthatwheretechnologywent,dipsinwellbeingfollowed.Forinstance,yearswithalargerincreaseinonlineusagewerefollowedbyyearswithlowerwellbeing,ratherthantheotherwayaround.Thisdoesnotprovecausality,butis
17、consistentwithit.Meanwhile,TVusedidnotshowthistracking.TVmightmakeyoulesshappy,butthisisnotwhatseemstobedrivingtherecentdeclinesinyoungpeoplesaveragehappiness.H)Asimilarbutreversedpatternwasfoundfortheactivitiesassociatedwithgreaterwellbeing.Forexample,yearswhenpeoplespentmoretimewithfriendswerebett
18、eryearsforwellbeing(andfollowedbybetteryears).Sadly,thedataalsoshowedface-to-facesocializingandsportsactivityhaddeclinedovertheperiodcoveredbythesurvey.I)ThereisanotherexplanationthatTwengeandhercolleagueswantedtoaddress;theimpactofthegreatrecessionof2007-2020,whichhitagreatnumberofAmericanfamiliesa
19、ndmightbeaffectingadolescents.Thedatasettheyuseddidnotincludeeconomicdata,soinsteadtheresearcherslookedatwhetherthe2021-16wellbeingdeclinewastrackingeconomicindicators.Theyfoundsomeevidencethatsomecrudemeasures,likeincomeinequality,correlatedwithchangesinwellbeing,buteconomicmeasureswithamoredirecti
20、mpact,likefamilyincomeandunemploymentrates(whichputfamiliesintodifficulties),hadnorelationshipwithwellbeing.Theresearchersalsonotetherecessionhitsomeyearsbeforeweseethebeginningofthewellbeingdrop,andbeforethesteepestwellbeingdecline,whichoccurredin2021.J)Theresearchersconcludethatelectroniccommunica
21、tionwastheonlyadolescentactivitythatincreasedatthesametimepsychologicalwellbeingdeclined.Isuspectthatsomeexpertsinthefieldwillbekeentoaddressalterativeexplanations,suchasunassessedvariablesplayingaroleinthewellbeingdecline.Butthenewworkdoesgofurtherthanpreviousresearchandsuggeststhatscreentimeshould
22、stillbeconsideredapotentialbarriertoyoungpeoplesflourishing.36.TheyearwhenmostAmericansbeganusingsmartphoneswasidentifiedasaturningpointinyoungAmericanslevelofhappiness.37.ScoresinvariouswellbeingmeasuresbegantogodownwardamongyoungAmericansinrecentyears.38.Unfortunately,activitiesinvolvingdirectcont
23、actwithpeople,whichcontributedtobetterwellbeingwerefoundtobeonthedecline.39.Inresponsetopastcritics,Twengeandherco-researchersstresstheyarenottryingtoprovethattheuseofdigitaldevicesreducesyoungpeopleswellbeing.40.Inthelastfewdecadesofthe20thcentury,livingstandardswentupandeconomicdepressionswerelarg
24、elyavertedintheUS.41.Contrarytopopularbelief,doinghomeworkmightaddtostudentswellbeing.42.Theauthorbelievestheresearchersnewstudyhasgoneastepfurtherregardingtheimpactofscreentimeonwellbeing.43.Theresearchersfoundthatextendedscreentimemakesyoungpeoplelesshappy.44.Datarevealsthateconomicinequalityratherthanfamilyincomemightaffectpeopleswellbeing.45.Toomuchscreentimeiswidelybelievedtobethecauseofunhappinessamongtodaysyoungpeople.来源:可可英语:/kekenet/cet6/202020/619119.shtml