《托福浏览分数换算表及浏览常考题型总结.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《托福浏览分数换算表及浏览常考题型总结.docx（22页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、托福浏览分数换算表及浏览常考题型总结托福浏览分数换算表及浏览常考题型总结托福小白可能对于托福考试的评分有很多疑问，比方浏览的题量和分数是怎样换算的?浏览每篇14道题，一共考3篇，假如碰到加试，可能会考4-5篇浏览，加试题目不计入总分。跟我一起来看看托福浏览分数换算表和托福浏览常考的题型托福浏览分数换算表及浏览常考题型总结一.托福浏览分数换算表除重要观点题和归类题以外，每道题的分值都是1分，重要观点题的分值可能是2分，归类题为3或4分，考试所得分数范围：0-30分。大家在算出原始分数以后，将被转化为0-30分的最终分数。下面是托福浏览评分标准中原始分数与最终分数的对照表：原始分值最终得分原始分值
2、最终得分原始分值最终得分45303016155442929161454329281513442282714124412726131134026251210339252411923824231082372322971362221861352120850342019740331918730321817620311716610二.托福浏览常考题型托福浏览题型共分为10种：1.FactualInformationquestions(事实信息题)2.NegativeFactualInformationquestions(否认事实信息题)3.Inferencequestions(推论题)4.Rhetori
3、calPurposequestions(修辞目的题)5.Vocabularyquestions(词汇题)6.Referencequestions(指代题)7.SentenceSimplificationquestions(句子简化题)8.InsertTextquestion(句子插入题)9.ProseSummary(文章总结题)10.FillinaTable(表格填写题)托福浏览TPO30第3篇:TheInventionoftheMechanicalClock【1】InEurope,beforetheintroductionofthemechanicalclock,peopletoldtime
4、bysun(using,forexample,shadowsticksorsundials)andwaterclocks.Sunclocksworked,ofcourse,onlyoncleardays;waterclocksmisbehavedwhenthetemperaturefelltowardfreezing,tosaynothingoflong-rundriftastheresultofsedimentationandclogging.Boththesedevicesworkedwellinsunnyclimates;butinnorthernEuropethesunmaybehid
5、denbycloudsforweeksatatime,whiletemperaturesvarynotonlyseasonallybutfromdaytonight.【2】MedievalEuropegavenewimportancetoreliabletime.TheCatholicChurchhaditssevendailyprayers,oneofwhichwasatnight,requiringanalarmarrangementtowakenmonksbeforedawn.Andthenthenewcitiesandtowns,squeezedbytheirwalls,hadtokn
6、owandordertimeinordertoorganizecollectiveactivityandrationspace.Theysetatimetogotosleep.Allthiswascompatiblewitholderdevicessolongastherewasonlyoneauthoritativetimekeeper;butwithurbangrowthandthemultiplicationoftimesignals,discrepancybroughtdiscordandstrife.Societyneededamoredependableinstrumentofti
7、memeasurementandfounditinthemechanicalclock.【3】Wedonotknowwhoinventedthismachine,orwhere.ItseemstohaveappearedinItalyandEngland(perhapssimultaneousinvention)between1275and1300.Onceknown,itspreadrapidly,drivingoutwaterclocksbutnotsolardials,whichwereneededtocheckthenewmachinesagainstthetimekeeperofla
8、stresort.Theseearlyversionswererudimentary,inaccurate,andpronetobreakdown.【4】Ironically,thenewmachinetendedtoundermineCatholicChurchauthority.AlthoughchurchritualhadsustainedaninterestintimekeepingthroughoutthecenturiesofurbancollapsethatfollowedthefallofRome,churchtimewasnaturestime.Dayandnightwere
9、dividedintothesamenumberofparts,sothatexceptattheequinoxes,daysandnighthourswereunequal;andthenofcoursethelengthofthesehoursvariedwiththeseasons.Butthemechanicalclockkeptequalhours,andthisimpliedanewtimereckoning.TheCatholicChurchresisted,notcomingovertothenewhoursforaboutacentury.Fromthestart,howev
10、er,thetownsandcitiestookequalhoursastheirstandard,andthepublicclocksinstalledintownhallsandmarketsquaresbecametheverysymbolofanew,secularmunicipalauthority.Everytownwantedone;conquerorsseizedthemasespeciallypreciousspoilsofwar;touristscametoseeandhearthesemachinesthewaytheymadepilgrimagestosacredrel
11、ics.【5】Theclockwasthegreatestachievementofmedievalmechanicalingenuity.Itsgeneralaccuracycouldbecheckedagainsteasilyobservedphenomena,liketherisingandsettingofthesun.Theresultwasrelentlesspressuretoimprovetechniqueanddesign.Ateverystage,clockmakersledthewaytoaccuracyandprecision;theybecamemastersofmi
12、niaturization,detectorsandcorrectorsoferror,searchersfornewandbetter.Theywerethusthepioneersofmechanicalengineeringandservedasexamplesandteacherstootherbranchesofengineering.【6】Theclockbroughtorderandcontrol,bothcollectiveandpersonal.Itspublicdisplayandprivatepossessionlaidthebasisfortemporalautonom
13、y:peoplecouldnowcoordinatecomingsandgoingswithoutdictationfromabove.Theclockprovidedthepunctuationmarksforgroupactivity,whileenablingindividualstoordertheirownwork(andthatofothers)soastoenhanceproductivity.Indeed,theverynotionofproductivityisaby-productoftheclock:onceonecanrelateperformancetouniform
14、timeunits,workisneverthesame.Onemovesfromthetask-orientedtimeconsciousnessofthepeasant(workingonjobafteranother,astimeandlightpermit)andthetime-fillingbusynessofthedomesticservant(whoalwayshadsomethingtodo)toanefforttomaximizeproductperunitoftime.托福浏览TPO30试题第3篇:TheInventionoftheMechanicalClock1.Whyd
15、oestheauthorprovidetheinformationthatinnorthernEuropethesunmaybehiddenbycloudsforweeksatatime,whiletemperaturesvarynotonlyseasonallybutfromdaytonight?A.Toemphasizethevarietyofenvironmentsinwhichpeopleusedsunandwaterclockstotelltime.B.Toillustratethedisadvantageofsunandwaterclocks.C.Toprovideanexampl
16、eofanareawherewaterclockshaveanadvantageoversunclocks.D.TocountertheclaimthatsunandwaterclockswereusedalloverEurope.2.Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingareexamplesoftheimportanceoftimekeepingtomedievalEuropeansocietyEXCEPTA.theneedofdifferenttownstocoordinatetimekeepingwitheachother.B.thesettin
17、gofspecifictimesfortheopeningandclosingofmarkets.C.thesettingofspecifictimeforthestartandfinishoftheworkingday.D.theregulationoftheperformanceofdailychurchrituals.3.Accordingtoparagraph2,whydidthemedievalchurchneedanalarmarrangement?A.Thealarmwarnedthemonksofdiscordorstrifeinthetown.B.Thechurchwasre
18、sponsibleforregulatingworkinghoursandmarkethours.C.Thealarmwasneededincasefireswerenotputouteachnight.D.Oneofthechurchsdailyritualsoccurredduringthenight.4.Thewordauthoritativeinthepassage(paragraph2)isclosestinmeaningtoA.actual.B.important.C.official.D.effective.5.Theauthorusesthephrasethetimekeepe
19、roflastresorttorefertoA.waterclocks.B.thesun.C.mechanicalclocks.D.thechurch.6.Thewordrudimentaryinthepassage(paragraph3)isclosestinmeaningtoA.rare.B.small.C.impractical.D.basic.7.Accordingtoparagraph4,howdidtheCatholicChurchreacttotheintroductionofmechanicalclocks?A.Itsusedmechanicalclocksthroughthe
20、periodofurbancollapse.B.Itusedclockstobetterunderstandnaturalphenomena,likeequinoxes.C.Ittriedtopreserveitsownmethodofkeepingtime,whichwasdifferentfrommechanical-clocktime.D.Itusedmechanicalclockstochallengesecular,townauthorities.8.Thewordinstalledinthepassage(paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningtoA.requi
21、red.B.expectedbythemajorityofpeople.C.standardized.D.putinplace.9.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatmedievalclockmakersA.wereabletocontinuallymakeimprovementsintheaccuracyofmechanicalclocks.B.weresometimesnotwellrespectedbyotherengineers.C.sometimesmadeclaimsabouttheaccuracyofmechanicalclocksthatwere
22、nottrue.D.rarelysharedtheirexpertisewithotherengineers.10.Paragraph5answerswhichofthefollowingquestionsaboutmechanicalclocks.A.Howdidearlymechanicalclockswork?B.Whydidthedesignofmechanicalclocksaffectengineeringingeneral?C.Howweremechanicalclocksmade?D.Whatinfluencedthedesignofthefirstmechanicalcloc
23、k?11.ThewordpioneersinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.leaders.B.opponents.C.employers.D.guardians.12.Accordingtoparagraph6,howdidthemechanicalclockaffectlabor?A.Itencouragedworkerstodomoretime-fillingbusywork.B.Itenabledworkerstobemoretaskoriented.C.Itpushedworkerstoworkmorehourseveryday.D.Itledtoaf
24、ocusonproductivity.13.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Thedivisionoftimenolongerreflectedtheorganizationofreligiousritual.Ironically,thenewmachinetendedtoundermineCatholicChurchauthority.Althoughchurchritualhadsustainedanint
25、erestintimekeepingthroughoutthecenturiesofurbancollapsethatfollowedthefallofRome,churchtimewasnaturestime.【A】Dayandnightweredividedintothesamenumberofparts,sothatexceptattheequinoxes,daysandnighthourswereunequal;andthenofcoursethelengthofthesehoursvariedwiththeseasons.【B】Butthemechanicalclockkeptequ
26、alhours,andthisimpliedanewtimereckoning.【C】TheCatholicChurchresisted,notcomingovertothenewhoursforaboutacentury.【D】Fromthestart,however,thetownsandcitiestookequalhoursastheirstandard,andthepublicclocksinstalledintownhallsandmarketsquaresbecametheverysymbolofanew,secularmunicipalauthority.Everytownwa
27、ntedone;conquerorsseizedthemasespeciallypreciousspoilsofwar;touristscametoseeandhearthesemachinesthewaytheymadepilgrimagestosacredrelics.14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasi
28、nthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.TheintroductionofthemechanicalclockcausedimportantchangestothesocietyofmedievalEurope.A.Theincreasingcomplexityofsocialandeconomicactivityinmed
29、ievalEuropeledtotheneedforamoredependablemeansofkeepingtimethansunandwaterclocksprovided.B.Becausetheywereunreliableeveninsunnyclimates,sunclocksandwaterclockswererarelyusedinEurope,evenbeforetheinventionofthemechanicalclock.C.Beforethemechanicalclock,everycitywantedalargenumberoftimekeepersbecausem
30、oretimekeepersallowedforbetterorganizationofcollectiveactivities.D.Soonaftertheinventionofmechanicalclocks,sunandwaterclocksbecameobsoletebecausemechanicalclockswerefarmoreaccurate.E.Predatorshelpmaintainbiologicaldiversitybylimitingpopulationsofadominantcompetitorspecies,therebypreventingthatspecie
31、sfromexcludingothers.F.Theremovalofseastarsreducesthediversityofthecommunityinwhichtheyarepredators,andisthereforeabadidea.托福浏览TPO30答案第3篇:TheInventionoftheMechanicalClock1.从第一段的第二句开场，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句讲它们work，后面but表转折，证实要讲有些情况它们不能用。所以选择B。A讲人们在各种情况下都在使用这两种方法，与原文表达的意思相反，C将两种方法比拟，原文没有这层意思。D整个和
32、划线部分相反，原文讲在northernEurope不能用。2.固然原文提到讲城与城之间要保持一直，但其目的是organizecollectiveactivity，和rationspace。而collectiveactivity对应了选项B，C对应settimetogotosleep,也就是结束工作的时间。D对应开始catholicchurch的prayers活动。3.对应原文的第二句话，可根据alarmarrangement定位，前文讲oneofwhichwasatnight，后面讲towakenmonkbeforedawn，这两个都能够算是原因，选项中符合的只要D。4.authoritati
33、ve是权威的，A是真实的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因而C是正确的。文章中也讲onlyone如何的timekeeper，所以应该是官方准确时间。5.前文讲需要它去check这个machines，which前面讲的是solardials所以指的是thesun。6.rudimentary是基础的。A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切实际的，D是基本的。所以根据词义D正确。这里我们能够看并列的词都是负面的，这里的rudimentary也是在强调未发展，有落后的意味。假如根据负面词来判定，C可能成为迷惑选项，但其词义不符。7.可定位至相关段落，关键词为resisted，notcomingover，
34、所以证实church在拒绝新的计时方法，也就是在试着保护本人的方法。8.installed被安装的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人们希望的，C是标准化的，D是放置于。D最符合，并且原文中原词的后面也跟了地点，所以用D最适宜。9.根据clockmaker定位至倒数第二句，讲制表人是正确和精细的领路人然后就对他们各种赞扬。B，C，D选项都是在贬低制表人，所以很容易排除。B，D选项又和最后一句话明显冲突。A符合原文。10.第五段主要讲clockmaker引领了准确，精准工程的发展，他们是master，teacher等等，然后讲他们是先锋，但这些都是由于他们是制表人。所以这道题选B。ACD原文都没提到。1
35、1.pioneer是先驱，A是领导者，B是对手，C是雇主，D是监护人。原文单词所在句后半句也讲道他们作teacher，所以很容易理解他们是领导者。12.定位到原文最后一句，讲使人们从task-oriented和time-fillingbusyness的形式变为maximizeproductperunitoftime，进而提高了productivity，所以选择D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是转化前的状态，C没提到。13.原句中nolonger反响宗教仪式了，那么此句前后应该有对如今的计时制度的描写，另外句末提到了religiousritual，所以附近也应该有对宗教组织的态度描写，知足这两个条件
36、的位置是C。14.A对应第二段倒数第一句和倒数第二句后半句withurbangrowthandthemultiplicationoftimesignals,discrepancybroughtdiscordandstrife.Societyneededamoredependableinstrumentoftimemeasurementandfounditinthemechanicalclock.正确。B与原文第一段矛盾。不选。C原文并没有提到讲有大量的timekeepers，而第三段还讲只能有一个权威的timekeeper不选。D对应原文第三段，讲应用mechanicalclock之后waterclock很快被弃用了，但sunclock仍然留下用来对照mechanicalclock的准确性，错，不选。托福浏览分数换算表及浏览常考题型总结